chore: don't auto refresh the merge box when user has interacted with it (#38436 )

Backport #38435 Otherwise, the user just isn't able to use "auto merge" form
docs: update changelog for 1.27.0 (#38427 )
2026-07-14 20:33:50 +00:00 · 2026-07-13 02:54:47 -07:00 · 2026-07-13 06:31:20 +02:00 · 2026-07-12 17:41:58 +00:00 · 2026-07-12 09:59:28 -07:00 · 2026-07-12 13:06:24 +00:00
197 changed files with 4604 additions and 801 deletions
@@ -4,6 +4,309 @@ This changelog goes through the changes that have been made in each release
 without substantial changes to our git log; to see the highlights of what has
 been added to each release, please refer to the [blog](https://blog.gitea.com).

+## [1.27.0](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/releases/tag/v1.27.0) - 2026-07-13
+
+* BREAKING
+  * Feat(actions)!: improve support for reusable workflows (#37478)
+  * Use Content-Security-Policy: script nonce (#37232)
+
+* SECURITY
+  * Fix: various security fixes (#38406) (#38426)
+  * Fix(security): harden access checks and migration validation (#38324) (#38400)
+  * Fix: enforce public-only token scope and harden push options / locale parsing (#38323) (#38399)
+  * Fix(pull): re-evaluate review official flag on target branch change (#38319) (#38402)
+  * Fix(api): stop leaking private repo metadata after access revocation (#38321) (#38390)
+  * Fix(lfs): require proof of possession for cross-repo objects (#38322) (#38389)
+  * Fix(mirror): disable HTTP redirects on pull mirror sync (#38320) (#38367)
+  * Fix: golang html template url escaping (#38363) (#38369)
+  * Fix(release): validate web attachment renames against allowed types (#38314) (#38328)
+  * Fix(release): gate draft release attachments on web download endpoints (#38318) (#38325)
+  * Fix(deps): update module github.com/go-git/go-git/v5 to v5.19.1 [security] (#37786)
+  * Fix(oauth): restrict introspection to the token's client (#38042)
+  * Fix(api): don't expose private org membership via public_members (#38145)
+  * Fix(actions): deny fork-PR cross-repo access via collaborative owner (#38214)
+  * Fix(migrations): prevent path traversal in repository restore (#38215)
+
+* FEATURES
+  * Feat(actions): add workflow status badge modal (#38196)
+  * Feat(actions): support owner-level and global scoped workflows (#38154)
+  * Feat(api): support ref suffixes in compare (#38148)
+  * Feat(actions): implement `jobs.<job_id>.continue-on-error` (#38100)
+  * Feat(actions): show run status on browser tab favicon (#38071)
+  * Feat(api): add token introspection and self-deletion endpoint (#37995)
+  * Feat(api): add q parameter to list branches API for server-side filtering (#37982)
+  * Feat(repo): split repository creation limit into user and org scopes (#37872)
+  * Feat(actions): bulk delete, disable and enable runners in admin UI (#37869)
+  * Feat(actions): List workflows that were executed once but got removed from the default branch (#37835)
+  * Feat(org): add team visibility so org members can discover teams (#37680)
+  * Feat: add raw diff/patch endpoint for repository comparisons (#37632)
+  * Feat: Add avatar stacks (#37594)
+  * Feat(actions): add job summaries (GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY) (#37500)
+  * Feat(web): Add Jupyter Notebook (.ipynb) Rendering Support (#37433)
+  * Support for Custom URI Schemes in OAuth2 Redirect URIs (#37356)
+  * Feat(orgs): Add search bar for organization members tab page (#37347)
+  * Feat(api): Add assignees APIs (#37330)
+  * Feat(api): Add GET /repos/{owner}/{repo}/actions/workflows/{workflow_id}/runs (#37196)
+  * Serve OpenAPI 3.0 spec at /openapi.v1.json (#37038)
+  * Add project column picker to issue and pull request sidebar (#37037)
+  * Allow multiple projects per issue and pull requests (#36784)
+  * Feat(ui): add "follow rename" to file commit history list (#34994)
+  * Feat(ssh): auto generate additional ssh keys (#33974)
+
+* ENHANCEMENTS
+  * Enhance(actions): only create filtered-out workflow commit status for required contexts (#38371) (#38385)
+  * Enhance: allow builtin default git config options to be overridden (#38172)
+  * Enhance: allow MathML core elements (#38034)
+  * Enhance(markup): improve issue title rendering (#37908)
+  * Enhance(actions): set descriptive browser tab title on run view (#37870)
+  * Enhance: Migrate remaining gopkg.in/yaml.v3 usages to go.yaml.in/yaml/v4 (#37866)
+  * Enhance(actions): show workflow name from YAML instead of filename (#37833)
+  * Feat(actions): add before/after to PR synchronize event payload (#37827)
+  * Enhance(actions): add branch filters to run list (#37826)
+  * Enhance(actions): Make Summary UI more beautiful with more infos (#37824)
+  * Feat: add copy button to action step header, improve other copy buttons (#37744)
+  * Fix(icon): use repo-forked icon to display forks count (#37731)
+  * Feat(api): add sort and order query parameters to job list endpoints (#37672)
+  * Feat(api): add last_sync to repository API (#37566)
+  * Enhance: Adjust Workflow Graph styling (#37497)
+  * Improve code editor text selection and clean up lint enablement (#37474)
+  * Add mirror auth updates to repo edit API and settings (#37468)
+  * Replace `olivere/elastic` with REST API client, add OpenSearch support (#37411)
+  * Feat: Add default PR branch update style setting (#37410)
+  * Fix inconsistent disabled styling on logged-out repo header buttons (#37406)
+  * Allow fast-forward-only merge when signed commits are required (#37335)
+  * Enhance styling in actions page (#37323)
+  * Fix: improve actions status icons and texts (#37206)
+  * Make Markdown fenced code block work with more syntaxes (#37154)
+  * Fix: Sort action run jobs by JobID and Name with matrix examples (#37046)
+  * Add API endpoint to reply to pull request review comments (#36683)
+
+* PERFORMANCE
+  * Perf(actions): debounce runner heartbeat writes and throttle task picks (#38281) (#38368)
+  * Perf(web): sort the action_run query by a repo-scoped index when possible (#38155)
+  * Perf: Various performance regression fixes (#38078)
+  * Perf: extend action `c_u` index to include `created_unix` for faster dashboard feeds (#38076)
+  * Batch-load related data in actions run, job, and task API endpoints (#37032)
+
+* BUGFIXES
+  * Fix(util): reject invalid characters between time-estimate units (#38416) (#38423)
+  * Fix: represent a deleted assignee team as a Ghost team (#38413) (#38419)
+  * Fix(turnstile): route CAPTCHA verification through the configured proxy (#38412) (#38420)
+  * Fix: refresh pull request merge box when the commit status is pending (#38410) (#38411)
+  * Fix: actions task state concurrent update (#38405) (#38409)
+  * Fix(actions): keep workflow run trailing on one row with long branch names (#38382) (#38403)
+  * Fix(web): use locale-aware date formatting for contribution calendar tooltips (#38398) (#38401)
+  * Fix: co-author detection (#38392) (#38397)
+  * Fix: incorrect co-author detection on commit page (#38386) (#38387)
+  * Fix(ui): restore commits table column widths (#38379) (#38383)
+  * Fix: minio init check (#38355) (#38361)
+  * Fix: org project view assignee list (#38357) (#38360)
+  * Fix(actions): release claimed task if context is cancelled during `FetchTask` (#38343) (#38347)
+  * Fix(actions): make runner list pagination order deterministic (#38313) (#38327)
+  * Fix: Improve since/until when counting commits for X-Total-Count (#38243) (#38304)
+  * Fix(actions): prevent chevron overlap with log text when timestamps are enabled (#38227) (#38307)
+  * Fix(workflows): branch protection status checks fail when workflow uses on: paths filter (#38237) (#38302)
+  * Fix(oauth2): persist linkAccountData during auto-link 2FA flow (#38274) (#38295)
+  * Fix(actions): allow Actions bot to push to protected branches (#38284) (#38293)
+  * Fix(actions): include all aggregable run statuses in status filter (#38280) (#38287)
+  * Fix(archiver): use serializable repo-archive queue payload (#38273) (#38283)
+  * Fix: update npm dependencies, fix misc issues (#38257)
+  * Fix(api): respect since/until when counting commits for X-Total-Count (#38204)
+  * Fix: codemirror regressions (#38248)
+  * Fix(api): support HEAD requests on all API GET endpoints (#38245)
+  * Fix(actions): Cleanup workflow status badge code (#38241)
+  * Fix(web): Correctly align the "disabled" label on larger workflow names (#38240)
+  * Fix(actions): don't swallow HTML entities into linkified URLs (#38239)
+  * Fix(packages): accept npm "repository" and "bin" in string form (#38236)
+  * Fix(actions): fix 500 error when canceling a canceling task (#38223)
+  * Fix(deps): update module golang.org/x/image to v0.43.0 [security] (#38219)
+  * Fix(mssql): convert legacy DATETIME columns to DATETIME2 (#38216)
+  * Fix(api): deny private org member enumeration via /members (#38213)
+  * Fix(actions): ensure all waiting jobs get runners in large workflows (#38200)
+  * Fix(deps): update go dependencies (#38194)
+  * Fix(deps): update npm dependencies (#38193)
+  * Fix(cli): default must-change-password to false for bot users (#38175)
+  * Fix(actions): show run index in run view and fix summary graph height (#38165)
+  * Fix: csp (#38162)
+  * Fix(deps): update npm dependencies (#38123)
+  * Fix(mssql): expand legacy issue and comment long-text columns (#38120)
+  * Fix(packages): validate debian distribution and component names (#38116)
+  * Fix(packages): validate module version in goproxy ParsePackage (#38104)
+  * Fix(deps): update dependency esbuild to v0.28.1 [security] (#38097)
+  * Fix: git push hook post receive (#38089)
+  * Fix(ui): prevent commit status popup overflowing its row (#38081)
+  * Fix: validate gem name in rubygems parseMetadataFile (#38061)
+  * Fix: commit display name (#38057)
+  * Fix: csp regressions (#38047)
+  * Fix: api error message (#38031)
+  * Fix(deps): update npm dependencies (#38029)
+  * Fix: pgsql lint (#38022)
+  * Fix(indexer): fix assignee filters in issue search (#38021)
+  * Fix: various dropdown problems (#38020)
+  * Fix: refactor git error handling and make archive streaming handle non-existing commit id (#38007)
+  * Fix: raise git required version to 2.13 (#37996)
+  * Fix: remove "no-transfrom" from the cache-control header (#37985)
+  * Fix(deps): update module github.com/google/go-github/v87 to v88 (#37971)
+  * Fix: use committer time where ever possible as default (#37969)
+  * Fix(deps): update npm dependencies, remove nolyfill (#37968)
+  * Fix(deps): update go dependencies (#37967)
+  * Fix(pull): preserve squash message trailers and additional commit messages (#37954)
+  * Fix(deps): update module golang.org/x/image to v0.41.0 [security] (#37904)
+  * Fix: support ##[command] log prefix in action run UI (#37882)
+  * Fix(deps): update module github.com/google/go-github/v86 to v87 (#37845)
+  * Fix(deps): update npm dependencies (#37844)
+  * Fix(deps): update go dependencies (#37841)
+  * Fix(frontend): resolve Vite assets by manifest source path (#37836)
+  * Fix(locales): Replace hardcoded strings (#37788)
+  * Fix(packages): render markdown links relative to linked repo (#37676)
+  * Fix: persist mirror repository metadata (#37519)
+  * Fix cmd tests by mocking builtin paths (#37369)
+  * Add `form-fetch-action` to some forms, fix "fetch action" resp bug (#37305)
+  * Feat: execute post run cleanup when workflow is cancelled (#37275)
+  * Fix `relative-time` error and improve global error handler (#37241)
+  * Refactor flash message and remove SanitizeHTML template func (#37179)
+
+* TESTING
+  * Test(e2e): fix race in pdf file render test (#38380) (#38381)
+  * Test: compare key file contents instead of `FileInfo` in `TestInitKeys` (#38330) (#38331)
+  * Test: speed up two tests (#37905)
+  * Test: Fix random failure test (#37887)
+  * Test: fix flaky `issue-comment` close test (#37880)
+  * Test: enable WAL for sqlite integration tests (#37861)
+  * Test: fix flaky `TestResourceIndex` and reduce its runtime (#37847)
+  * Test: run `TestAPIRepoMigrate` offline via a local clone source (#37817)
+  * Ci: shard tests and reduce redundant work (#37618)
+  * Test(e2e): run playwright via container (#37300)
+  * Remove external service dependencies in migration tests (#36866)
+
+* BUILD
+  * Fix(actions): authenticate snapcraft before nightly remote build (#38252)
+  * Ci: cap Elasticsearch heap in db-tests (#37816)
+  * Build(snap): publish nightly version to snapcraft via actions (#37814)
+  * Ci: split pgsql shards into plain jobs, dedupe setup actions (#37802)
+  * Ci: narrow files-changed frontend filter (#37749)
+  * Ci: add `zizmor` to `lint-actions` (#37720)
+  * Chore: clean up "contrib" dir (#37690)
+  * Fix: snap build (main branch) (#37685)
+  * Ci: Also lint json5 files (#37659)
+  * Feat(editor): broaden language detection in web code editor (#37619)
+  * Build: update pnpm to v11 (#37591)
+  * Refactor(deps): migrate from `nektos/act` fork to `gitea/runner` (#37557)
+  * Refactor: lint bare `fill`/`stroke` colors, add vars for git graph color series (#37543)
+  * Update go js py dependencies (#37525)
+  * Ci: lint PR titles with commitlint (#37498)
+  * Chore: upgrade Go version in devcontainer image to 1.26 (#37374)
+  * Update GitHub Actions to latest major versions (#37313)
+  * Update go js dependencies (#37312)
+  * Fail vite build on rolldown warnings via NODE_ENV=test (#37270)
+  * Remove htmx (#37224)
+  * Replace custom Go formatter with `golangci-lint fmt` (#37194)
+  * Refactor htmx and fetch-action related code (#37186)
+  * Integrate renovate bot for all dependency updates (#37050)
+  * Build(sign): move to sigstore (#38250)
+
+* DOCS
+  * Docs: update changelog for 1.26.3 & 1.26.4 (#38178)
+  * Docs: fix duplicated word in foreachref doc comment (#38161)
+  * Docs: Clarify criteria for becoming a merger (#38113)
+  * Docs: Publish TOC Election Result 2026 (#38111)
+  * Docs: mark openapi3 as autogenerated in attributes (#37963)
+  * Docs: add development setup guide (#37960)
+
+* MISC
+  * Revert(sign): restore gpg (#38251)
+  * Refactor: replace legacy `delete-button` with `link-action` (#38143)
+  * Refactor(actions): read runner capabilities from proto field (#38068)
+  * Refactor(api): clarify APIError message usage and fix legacy lint error (#38012)
+  * Refactor: Use db.Get[] instead of db.GetEngine(ctx).Get(bean) to avoid zero value fetching wrong database record (#37977)
+  * Fix(deps): update go dependencies (#37851)
+  * Ci: Fix sync PR labels from the conventional-commit title (#37784) (#37825)
+  * Ci: tweak `files-changed`, add `free-disk-space` (#37819)
+  * Fix(deps): update module golang.org/x/crypto to v0.52.0 [security] (#37806)
+  * Test(e2e): add comment, release, star, PR and fork tests (#37800)
+  * Chore: simplify issue and pull request templates (#37799)
+  * Chore: Update giteabot to fix failure when backport (#37789)
+  * Fix(api): handle partial failures in push mirror synchronization gracefully (#37782)
+  * Fix(deps): update module gitlab.com/gitlab-org/api/client-go/v2 to v2.26.0 (#37771)
+  * Ci: split giteabot workflow (#37770)
+  * Fix(deps): update npm dependencies (#37768)
+  * Refactor(waitgroup): replace Add/Done goroutines with WaitGroup.Go (#37764)
+  * Fix(deps): update module google.golang.org/grpc to v1.81.1 (#37762)
+  * Ci: fix cache-related issues (#37761)
+  * Chore: fix tests (#37760)
+  * Fix(deps): update module github.com/google/go-github/v85 to v86 (#37754)
+  * Fix(deps): update npm dependencies (#37753)
+  * Fix(deps): update go dependencies (#37752)
+  * Chore(deps): update action dependencies (#37751)
+  * Fix(markup): wrap indented code blocks for the code-copy button (#37748)
+  * Chore(db): introduce db.Session and db.EngineMigration interfaces (#37746)
+  * Feat(web): also display PR counts in repo list (#37739)
+  * Refactor(glob): use strings.Builder for regexp compilation (#37730)
+  * Chore(doctor): remove four obsolete doctor check implementations (#37728)
+  * Refactor(org): simplify owner-team org repo creation logic (#37727)
+  * Refactor: move `workflowpattern` into `modules/actions` (#37717)
+  * Chore: clean up tests (#37715)
+  * Style: misc UI fixes (#37691)
+  * Ci: add shellcheck linter (#37682)
+  * Fix: catch and fix more lint problems (#37674)
+  * Fix(deps): update dependency mermaid to v11.15.0 [security], add e2e test (#37662)
+  * Fix(deps): update npm dependencies (#37647)
+  * Ci(renovate): update Go import paths on major bumps (#37641)
+  * Fix(deps): update go dependencies (major) (#37639)
+  * Chore(deps): update action dependencies (major) (#37638)
+  * Fix(deps): update module code.gitea.io/sdk/gitea to v0.25.0 (#37637)
+  * Fix(deps): update npm dependencies (#37636)
+  * Refactor(log): replace log.Critical with log.Error (#37624)
+  * Build(deps): bump fast-uri from 3.1.0 to 3.1.2 (#37616)
+  * Feat(oauth): Support AWS Cognito OAuth2 provider (#37607)
+  * Chore(deps): update action dependencies (#37603)
+  * Ci: allow `chore` type in PR title lint (#37575)
+  * Refactor: only reset a database table when the table's data was changed (#37573)
+  * Ci: increase renovate frequency and fix RENOVATE_ALLOWED_POST_UPGRADE_COMMANDS (#37565)
+  * Refactor: use modernc sqlite driver as default (#37562)
+  * Docs: fix 4 typos in CHANGELOG.md (#37549)
+  * Fix(deps): update go dependencies (#37541)
+  * Chore(deps): update action dependencies (#37540)
+  * Refactor pull request view (6) (#37522)
+  * Fix: redirect early CLI console logger to stderr (#37507)
+  * Refactor "flex-list" to "flex-divided-list" (#37505)
+  * Refactor compare diff/pull page (1) (#37481)
+  * Refactor pull request view (4) (#37451)
+  * Update 1.26.1 changelog in main (#37442)
+  * Refactor: use named `Permission` field in `Repository` struct instead of anonymous embedding (#37441)
+  * Refactor: serve site manifest via `/assets/site-manifest.json` endpoint (#37405)
+  * Remove IsValidExternalURL/IsAPIURL and use IsValidURL at call sites (#37364)
+  * Update `Block a user` form (#37359)
+  * Move review request functions to a standalone file (#37358)
+  * Feat(security): set X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff by default (#37354)
+  * Enable strict TypeScript, add `errorMessage` helper (#37292)
+  * Refactor frontend `tw-justify-between` layouts to `flex-left-right` (#37291)
+  * Update Nix flake (#37284)
+  * Fix Repository transferring page (#37277)
+  * Remove `SubmitEvent` polyfill (#37276)
+  * Remove dead code identified by `deadcode` tool (#37271)
+  * Upgrade go-git to v5.18.0 (#37268)
+  * Don't add useless labels which will bother changelog generation (#37267)
+  * Move heatmap to first-party code (#37262)
+  * Tests/integration: simplify code (#37249)
+  * Add pagination and search box to org teams list (#37245)
+  * Remove error returns from crypto random helpers and callers (#37240)
+  * Add `ExternalIDClaim` option for OAuth2 OIDC auth source (#37229)
+  * Refactor: simplify ParseCatFileTreeLine and catBatchParseTreeEntries (#37210)
+  * Refactor "htmx" to "fetch action" (#37208)
+  * Update go js py dependencies (#37204)
+  * Add comment for the design of "user activity time" (#37195)
+  * Remove outdated RunUser logic (#37180)
+  * Models/fixtures: add "DO NOT add more test data" comment to all yml fixture files (#37150)
+  * Update javascript dependencies (#37142)
+  * Update go dependencies (#37141)
+  * Frontport changelog of v1.26.0-rc0 (#37138)
+  * Introduce `ActionRunAttempt` to represent each execution of a run (#37119)
+  * Workflow Artifact Info Hover (#37100)
+  * Extend issue context popup beyond markdown content (#36908)
+  * Add bulk repository deletion for organizations (#36763)
+  * Feat: Add bypass allowlist for branch protection (#36514)
+
 ## [1.26.4](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/releases/tag/1.26.4) - 2026-06-21

 * SECURITY
@@ -536,6 +536,13 @@ INTERNAL_TOKEN =
 ;; Leave it empty to apply the default policy, or set it to "unset" to disable Content-Security-Policy.
 ;CONTENT_SECURITY_POLICY_GENERAL =

+;; Webhook and oauth2 clients can only call allowed hosts for security reasons. Comma separated list, eg: external, 192.168.1.0/24, *.mydomain.com
+;; Built-in: loopback (for localhost), private (for LAN/intranet), external (for public hosts on internet), * (for all hosts)
+;; CIDR list: 1.2.3.0/8, 2001:db8::/32
+;; Wildcard hosts: *.mydomain.com, 192.168.100.*
+;; This list is enforced on direct connections only. When an HTTP proxy is configured, restricting the proxied target is the proxy server's responsibility.
+;ALLOWED_HOST_LIST = external
+
 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
 [camo]
@@ -1754,13 +1761,6 @@ LEVEL = Info
 ;; Deliver timeout in seconds
 ;DELIVER_TIMEOUT = 5
 ;;
-;; Webhook can only call allowed hosts for security reasons. Comma separated list, eg: external, 192.168.1.0/24, *.mydomain.com
-;; Built-in: loopback (for localhost), private (for LAN/intranet), external (for public hosts on internet), * (for all hosts)
-;; CIDR list: 1.2.3.0/8, 2001:db8::/32
-;; Wildcard hosts: *.mydomain.com, 192.168.100.*
-;; Since 1.15.7. Default to * for 1.15.x, external for 1.16 and later
-;ALLOWED_HOST_LIST = external
-;;
 ;; Allow insecure certification
 ;SKIP_TLS_VERIFY = false
 ;;
@@ -3008,6 +3008,10 @@ LEVEL = Info
 ;SCOPED_WORKFLOW_DIRS = .gitea/scoped_workflows
 ;; Maximum number of attempts a single workflow run can have. Default value is 50.
 ;MAX_RERUN_ATTEMPTS = 50
+;; Maximum number of runners that may run the task-assignment query concurrently, per Gitea instance.
+;; Caps this instance's DB load when many runners poll at once; excess runners retry on their next poll.
+;; In a multi-instance deployment the cluster-wide limit is this value times the number of instances. Default value is 16.
+;MAX_CONCURRENT_TASK_PICKS = 16

 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ func (run *ActionRun) PrettyRef() string {
 	return refName.ShortName()
 }

-// RefTooltip return a tooltop of run's ref. For pull request, it's the title of the PR, otherwise it's the ShortName.
+// RefTooltip return a tooltip of run's ref. For pull request, it's the title of the PR, otherwise it's the ShortName.
 func (run *ActionRun) RefTooltip() string {
 	payload, err := run.GetPullRequestEventPayload()
 	if err == nil && payload != nil && payload.PullRequest != nil {
@@ -99,6 +99,10 @@ type FindRunJobOptions struct {
 	UpdatedBefore    timeutil.TimeStamp
 	ConcurrencyGroup string
 	OrderBy          db.SearchOrderBy
+	// AccessibleRepoIDsSubQuery, when non-nil, restricts results to the repo IDs selected by the
+	// subquery (the caller's accessible repos). A nil value means no restriction. Using a subquery
+	// instead of a materialized ID slice avoids exceeding DB parameter limits for large owners.
+	AccessibleRepoIDsSubQuery *builder.Builder
 }

 var JobOrderByMap = map[string]map[string]db.SearchOrderBy{
@@ -132,6 +136,9 @@ func (opts FindRunJobOptions) ToConds() builder.Cond {
 		}
 		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"`action_run_job`.concurrency_group": opts.ConcurrencyGroup})
 	}
+	if opts.AccessibleRepoIDsSubQuery != nil {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.In("`action_run_job`.repo_id", opts.AccessibleRepoIDsSubQuery))
+	}
 	return cond
 }

@@ -70,6 +70,10 @@ type FindRunOptions struct {
 	Status           []Status
 	ConcurrencyGroup string
 	CommitSHA        string
+	// AccessibleRepoIDsSubQuery, when non-nil, restricts results to the repo IDs selected by the
+	// subquery (the caller's accessible repos). A nil value means no restriction. Using a subquery
+	// instead of a materialized ID slice avoids exceeding DB parameter limits for large owners.
+	AccessibleRepoIDsSubQuery *builder.Builder
 }

 func (opts FindRunOptions) ToConds() builder.Cond {
@@ -101,6 +105,9 @@ func (opts FindRunOptions) ToConds() builder.Cond {
 	if opts.CommitSHA != "" {
 		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"`action_run`.commit_sha": opts.CommitSHA})
 	}
+	if opts.AccessibleRepoIDsSubQuery != nil {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.In("`action_run`.repo_id", opts.AccessibleRepoIDsSubQuery))
+	}
 	return cond
 }

@@ -135,8 +142,8 @@ type StatusInfo struct {

 // GetStatusInfoList returns a slice of StatusInfo
 func GetStatusInfoList(ctx context.Context, lang translation.Locale) []StatusInfo {
-	// same as those in aggregateJobStatus
-	allStatus := []Status{StatusSuccess, StatusFailure, StatusWaiting, StatusRunning, StatusCancelling}
+	// same as those in aggregateJobStatus (StatusUnknown excluded; it's the "shouldn't happen" fallback)
+	allStatus := []Status{StatusSuccess, StatusFailure, StatusCancelled, StatusSkipped, StatusWaiting, StatusRunning, StatusBlocked, StatusCancelling}
 	statusInfoList := make([]StatusInfo, 0, len(allStatus))
 	for _, s := range allStatus {
 		statusInfoList = append(statusInfoList, StatusInfo{
@@ -73,8 +73,11 @@ func TestGetStatusInfoList(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, []StatusInfo{
 		{Status: int(StatusSuccess), StatusName: StatusSuccess.String(), DisplayedStatus: "actions.status.success"},
 		{Status: int(StatusFailure), StatusName: StatusFailure.String(), DisplayedStatus: "actions.status.failure"},
+		{Status: int(StatusCancelled), StatusName: StatusCancelled.String(), DisplayedStatus: "actions.status.cancelled"},
+		{Status: int(StatusSkipped), StatusName: StatusSkipped.String(), DisplayedStatus: "actions.status.skipped"},
 		{Status: int(StatusWaiting), StatusName: StatusWaiting.String(), DisplayedStatus: "actions.status.waiting"},
 		{Status: int(StatusRunning), StatusName: StatusRunning.String(), DisplayedStatus: "actions.status.running"},
+		{Status: int(StatusBlocked), StatusName: StatusBlocked.String(), DisplayedStatus: "actions.status.blocked"},
 		{Status: int(StatusCancelling), StatusName: StatusCancelling.String(), DisplayedStatus: "actions.status.cancelling"},
 	}, statusInfoList)
 }
@@ -75,8 +75,28 @@ type ActionRunner struct {
 const (
 	RunnerOfflineTime = time.Minute
 	RunnerIdleTime    = 10 * time.Second
+	// RunnerHeartbeatInterval is how often last_online is persisted on poll.
+	// Must stay well below RunnerOfflineTime so runners don't flap to offline.
+	RunnerHeartbeatInterval = 30 * time.Second
+	// RunnerActiveInterval is how often last_active is persisted while a runner
+	// streams task updates and logs. Must stay well below RunnerIdleTime so a
+	// busy runner keeps showing ACTIVE without a DB write on every RPC.
+	RunnerActiveInterval = 5 * time.Second
 )

+// ShouldPersistLastOnline reports whether last_online is stale enough to be
+// worth writing back. Avoids a DB write on every runner poll.
+func ShouldPersistLastOnline(last timeutil.TimeStamp, now time.Time) bool {
+	return now.Sub(last.AsTime()) >= RunnerHeartbeatInterval
+}
+
+// ShouldPersistLastActive reports whether last_active is stale enough to be
+// worth writing back. Avoids a DB write on every UpdateTask/UpdateLog RPC while
+// a runner is actively streaming logs.
+func ShouldPersistLastActive(last timeutil.TimeStamp, now time.Time) bool {
+	return now.Sub(last.AsTime()) >= RunnerActiveInterval
+}
+
 // BelongsToOwnerName before calling, should guarantee that all attributes are loaded
 func (r *ActionRunner) BelongsToOwnerName() string {
 	if r.RepoID != 0 {
@@ -251,21 +271,24 @@ func (opts FindRunnerOptions) ToConds() builder.Cond {
 }

 func (opts FindRunnerOptions) ToOrders() string {
+	// A unique tiebreaker (id) is appended so that runners sharing the same
+	// last_online or name keep a deterministic order across paginated queries,
+	// otherwise the same runner may appear on more than one page.
 	switch opts.Sort {
 	case "online":
-		return "last_online DESC"
+		return "last_online DESC, id ASC"
 	case "offline":
-		return "last_online ASC"
+		return "last_online ASC, id ASC"
 	case "alphabetically":
-		return "name ASC"
+		return "name ASC, id ASC"
 	case "reversealphabetically":
-		return "name DESC"
+		return "name DESC, id ASC"
 	case "newest":
 		return "id DESC"
 	case "oldest":
 		return "id ASC"
 	}
-	return "last_online DESC"
+	return "last_online DESC, id ASC"
 }

 // GetRunnerByUUID returns a runner via uuid
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package actions
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"gitea.dev/models/db"
+	"gitea.dev/models/unittest"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/timeutil"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestShouldPersistLastOnline(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		last timeutil.TimeStamp
+		want bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "fresh, skip write",
+			last: timeutil.TimeStamp(now.Add(-5 * time.Second).Unix()),
+			want: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "exactly at interval, write",
+			last: timeutil.TimeStamp(now.Add(-RunnerHeartbeatInterval).Unix()),
+			want: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "stale, write",
+			last: timeutil.TimeStamp(now.Add(-2 * RunnerHeartbeatInterval).Unix()),
+			want: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "zero (never seen), write",
+			last: 0,
+			want: true,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, ShouldPersistLastOnline(tt.last, now))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestShouldPersistLastActive(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		last timeutil.TimeStamp
+		want bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "fresh, skip write",
+			last: timeutil.TimeStamp(now.Add(-1 * time.Second).Unix()),
+			want: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "exactly at interval, write",
+			last: timeutil.TimeStamp(now.Add(-RunnerActiveInterval).Unix()),
+			want: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "stale, write",
+			last: timeutil.TimeStamp(now.Add(-2 * RunnerActiveInterval).Unix()),
+			want: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "zero (never seen), write",
+			last: 0,
+			want: true,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, ShouldPersistLastActive(tt.last, now))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFindRunnerOptions_ToOrders_StableTiebreaker(t *testing.T) {
+	// Sorts on a non-unique column must end with the unique id tiebreaker so
+	// pagination is deterministic; without it, runners sharing the same
+	// last_online or name can appear on more than one page. Sorts already on
+	// the unique id need no tiebreaker.
+	expected := map[string]string{
+		"":                      "last_online DESC, id ASC",
+		"online":                "last_online DESC, id ASC",
+		"offline":               "last_online ASC, id ASC",
+		"alphabetically":        "name ASC, id ASC",
+		"reversealphabetically": "name DESC, id ASC",
+		"newest":                "id DESC",
+		"oldest":                "id ASC",
+	}
+	for sort, want := range expected {
+		assert.Equal(t, want, FindRunnerOptions{Sort: sort}.ToOrders(), "sort %q", sort)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFindRunners_PaginationNoDuplicates(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+	ctx := t.Context()
+
+	// Create several runners that all share the same last_online value so the
+	// primary sort key (last_online) is tied for all of them.
+	const ownerID = 1000
+	const count = 6
+	for i := range count {
+		runner := &ActionRunner{
+			Name:       "paginated-runner",
+			UUID:       fmt.Sprintf("PAGINATE-TEST-0000-0000-00000000000%d", i),
+			TokenHash:  fmt.Sprintf("paginate-test-token-hash-%d", i),
+			OwnerID:    ownerID,
+			RepoID:     0,
+			LastOnline: 42,
+		}
+		require.NoError(t, db.Insert(ctx, runner))
+	}
+
+	// Page through the runners and ensure every id is returned exactly once.
+	seen := make(map[int64]int)
+	const pageSize = 2
+	for page := 1; ; page++ {
+		runners, err := db.Find[ActionRunner](ctx, FindRunnerOptions{
+			ListOptions: db.ListOptions{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize},
+			OwnerID:     ownerID,
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		if len(runners) == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+		for _, r := range runners {
+			seen[r.ID]++
+		}
+	}
+
+	assert.Len(t, seen, count, "each runner should be returned exactly once across all pages")
+	for id, n := range seen {
+		assert.Equal(t, 1, n, "runner %d appeared on %d pages", id, n)
+	}
+}
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"gitea.dev/models/db"
 	"gitea.dev/models/unit"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/actions/jobparser"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/globallock"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/log"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/setting"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/timeutil"
@@ -231,6 +232,11 @@ func makeTaskStepDisplayName(step *jobparser.Step, limit int) (name string) {
 // another runner won the optimistic-lock race; it is never returned to callers.
 var errJobAlreadyClaimed = errors.New("job already claimed by another runner")

+// pickTaskBatchSize bounds how many waiting jobs each CreateTaskForRunner query loads,
+// so a large backlog is not fetched into memory on every runner poll.
+// It is a var only so tests can shrink it to exercise pagination cheaply.
+var pickTaskBatchSize = 100
+
 // CreateTaskForRunner finds a waiting job that matches the runner's labels and
 // atomically claims it. It iterates through all matching jobs so that a
 // concurrent claim by another runner (which would lose the optimistic lock on
@@ -249,31 +255,51 @@ func CreateTaskForRunner(ctx context.Context, runner *ActionRunner) (*ActionTask
 			Join("INNER", "repo_unit", "`repository`.id = `repo_unit`.repo_id").
 			Where(builder.Eq{"`repository`.owner_id": runner.OwnerID, "`repo_unit`.type": unit.TypeActions}))
 	}
-	if jobCond.IsValid() {
-		jobCond = builder.In("run_id", builder.Select("id").From("action_run").Where(jobCond))
-	}
-
-	var jobs []*ActionRunJob
-	if err := e.Where("task_id=? AND status=? AND is_reusable_caller=?", 0, StatusWaiting, false).And(jobCond).Asc("updated", "id").Find(&jobs); err != nil {
-		return nil, false, err
-	}
+	baseCond := builder.Eq{"task_id": 0, "status": StatusWaiting, "is_reusable_caller": false}.And(jobCond)

 	// TODO: a more efficient way to filter labels
 	log.Trace("runner labels: %v", runner.AgentLabels)
-	for _, v := range jobs {
-		if !runner.CanMatchLabels(v.RunsOn) {
-			continue
+
+	// Page through the waiting jobs oldest-first instead of loading the whole backlog into memory on every poll.
+	// Keyset pagination on (updated, id) is safe under concurrent claims:
+	// updated only moves forward, so the advancing cursor never skips a still-waiting job even as claimed jobs drop out.
+	var cursorUpdated timeutil.TimeStamp
+	var cursorID int64
+	for {
+		cond := baseCond
+		if cursorID > 0 {
+			cond = cond.And(builder.Or(
+				builder.Gt{"updated": cursorUpdated},
+				builder.And(builder.Eq{"updated": cursorUpdated}, builder.Gt{"id": cursorID}),
+			))
 		}
-		task, ok, err := claimJobForRunner(ctx, runner, v)
-		if err != nil {
+
+		var jobs []*ActionRunJob
+		if err := e.Where(cond).Asc("updated", "id").Limit(pickTaskBatchSize).Find(&jobs); err != nil {
 			return nil, false, err
 		}
-		if ok {
-			return task, true, nil
+
+		for _, v := range jobs {
+			if !runner.CanMatchLabels(v.RunsOn) {
+				continue
+			}
+			task, ok, err := claimJobForRunner(ctx, runner, v)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, false, err
+			}
+			if ok {
+				return task, true, nil
+			}
+			// Another runner claimed this job concurrently; try the next one.
 		}
-		// Another runner claimed this job concurrently; try the next one.
+
+		// A short page means no waiting jobs remain beyond it.
+		if len(jobs) < pickTaskBatchSize {
+			return nil, false, nil
+		}
+		last := jobs[len(jobs)-1]
+		cursorUpdated, cursorID = last.Updated, last.ID
 	}
-	return nil, false, nil
 }

 // claimJobForRunner attempts to atomically claim job for runner inside its own
@@ -413,6 +439,18 @@ func UpdateTask(ctx context.Context, task *ActionTask, cols ...string) error {
 	return err
 }

+func getRunIDByTaskID(ctx context.Context, taskID int64) (runID int64, _ error) {
+	if has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Cols("action_run_job.run_id").
+		Table("action_task").
+		Join("INNER", "action_run_job", "action_run_job.id = action_task.job_id").
+		Where(builder.Eq{"action_task.id": taskID}).Get(&runID); err != nil {
+		return runID, err
+	} else if !has {
+		return runID, util.ErrNotExist
+	}
+	return runID, nil
+}
+
 // UpdateTaskByState updates the task by the state.
 // It will always update the task if the state is not final, even there is no change.
 // So it will update ActionTask.Updated to avoid the task being judged as a zombie task.
@@ -422,21 +460,26 @@ func UpdateTaskByState(ctx context.Context, runnerID int64, state *runnerv1.Task
 		stepStates[v.Id] = v
 	}

-	return db.WithTx2(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) (*ActionTask, error) {
-		e := db.GetEngine(ctx)
-
-		task := &ActionTask{}
-		if has, err := e.ID(state.Id).Get(task); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+	// Only one request can update the task because the final state needs to be calculated with all job states.
+	// Otherwise, concurrent requests with transaction will make the SQL read stale job state and result in wrong final state.
+	taskID := state.Id
+	runID, err := getRunIDByTaskID(ctx, taskID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	task := &ActionTask{}
+	err = globallock.LockAndDo(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("UpdateTaskByState-run-%d", runID), func(ctx context.Context) error {
+		if has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).ID(taskID).Get(task); err != nil {
+			return err
 		} else if !has {
-			return nil, util.ErrNotExist
+			return util.ErrNotExist
 		} else if runnerID != task.RunnerID {
-			return nil, errors.New("invalid runner for task")
+			return errors.New("invalid runner for task")
 		}

 		if task.Status.IsDone() {
 			// the state is final, do nothing
-			return task, nil
+			return nil
 		}

 		// state.Result is not unspecified means the task is finished
@@ -449,7 +492,7 @@ func UpdateTaskByState(ctx context.Context, runnerID int64, state *runnerv1.Task
 			}
 			task.Stopped = timeutil.TimeStamp(state.StoppedAt.AsTime().Unix())
 			if err := UpdateTask(ctx, task, "status", "stopped"); err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+				return err
 			}
 			if _, err := UpdateRunJob(ctx, &ActionRunJob{
 				ID:      task.JobID,
@@ -457,18 +500,18 @@ func UpdateTaskByState(ctx context.Context, runnerID int64, state *runnerv1.Task
 				Status:  task.Status,
 				Stopped: task.Stopped,
 			}, nil, "status", "stopped"); err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+				return err
 			}
 		} else {
 			// Force update ActionTask.Updated to avoid the task being judged as a zombie task
 			task.Updated = timeutil.TimeStampNow()
 			if err := UpdateTask(ctx, task, "updated"); err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+				return err
 			}
 		}

 		if err := task.LoadAttributes(ctx); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			return err
 		}

 		for _, step := range task.Steps {
@@ -485,13 +528,13 @@ func UpdateTaskByState(ctx context.Context, runnerID int64, state *runnerv1.Task
 			} else if step.Started != 0 {
 				step.Status = StatusRunning
 			}
-			if _, err := e.ID(step.ID).Update(step); err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+			if _, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).ID(step.ID).Update(step); err != nil {
+				return err
 			}
 		}
-
-		return task, nil
+		return nil
 	})
+	return task, err
 }

 func StopTask(ctx context.Context, taskID int64, status Status) error {
@@ -371,3 +371,74 @@ func TestReleaseTaskForRunner(t *testing.T) {
 	unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &ActionTask{ID: task.ID})
 	unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &ActionTaskStep{TaskID: task.ID})
 }
+
+// TestCreateTaskForRunnerPagination verifies that a job sitting beyond the first page is still claimed
+func TestCreateTaskForRunnerPagination(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	defer func(orig int) { pickTaskBatchSize = orig }(pickTaskBatchSize)
+	pickTaskBatchSize = 2
+
+	run := &ActionRun{
+		Title:         "pagination-test-run",
+		RepoID:        1,
+		OwnerID:       2,
+		WorkflowID:    "test.yaml",
+		Index:         9903,
+		TriggerUserID: 2,
+		Ref:           "refs/heads/main",
+		CommitSHA:     "c2d72f548424103f01ee1dc02889c1e2bff816b0",
+		Event:         "push",
+		TriggerEvent:  "push",
+		Status:        StatusWaiting,
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, db.Insert(t.Context(), run))
+
+	// Five waiting jobs the runner cannot run, then one it can.
+	// With a page size of 2 the matching job only appears on the third page.
+	for i := range 5 {
+		mismatch := &ActionRunJob{
+			RunID:     run.ID,
+			RepoID:    run.RepoID,
+			OwnerID:   run.OwnerID,
+			CommitSHA: run.CommitSHA,
+			Name:      "mismatch-" + string(rune('a'+i)),
+			Attempt:   1,
+			JobID:     "mismatch-" + string(rune('a'+i)),
+			Status:    StatusWaiting,
+			RunsOn:    []string{"windows-latest"},
+		}
+		require.NoError(t, db.Insert(t.Context(), mismatch))
+	}
+
+	target := &ActionRunJob{
+		RunID:           run.ID,
+		RepoID:          run.RepoID,
+		OwnerID:         run.OwnerID,
+		CommitSHA:       run.CommitSHA,
+		Name:            "target-job",
+		Attempt:         1,
+		JobID:           "target-job",
+		Status:          StatusWaiting,
+		RunsOn:          []string{"ubuntu-latest"},
+		WorkflowPayload: []byte("on: push\njobs:\n  target-job:\n    runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n    steps:\n      - run: echo hi\n"),
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, db.Insert(t.Context(), target))
+
+	runner := &ActionRunner{
+		UUID:        "pagination-runner-uuid",
+		Name:        "pagination-runner",
+		AgentLabels: []string{"ubuntu-latest"},
+	}
+	runner.GenerateAndFillToken()
+	require.NoError(t, db.Insert(t.Context(), runner))
+
+	task, ok, err := CreateTaskForRunner(t.Context(), runner)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.NotNil(t, task)
+
+	claimed := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &ActionRunJob{ID: target.ID})
+	assert.Equal(t, StatusRunning, claimed.Status)
+	assert.Equal(t, task.ID, claimed.TaskID)
+}
@@ -36,7 +36,18 @@ import (

 const ssh2keyStart = "---- BEGIN SSH2 PUBLIC KEY ----"

+const (
+	// the longest RSA key ssh-keygen allows to generate is 16384 bits (2048 bytes), we still relax the limit a little here
+	maxKeyBinaryBytes        = 4096
+	maxKeyContentBase64Bytes = maxKeyBinaryBytes * 4 / 3
+	maxKeyContentExtraBytes  = 4 * 1024 // header, footer, comment
+	maxKeyContentBytes       = maxKeyContentBase64Bytes + maxKeyContentExtraBytes
+)
+
 func extractTypeFromBase64Key(key string) (string, error) {
+	if len(key) > maxKeyContentBase64Bytes {
+		return "", util.NewInvalidArgumentErrorf("SSH public key base64 is too long")
+	}
 	b, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(key)
 	if err != nil || len(b) < 4 {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid key format: %w", err)
@@ -52,6 +63,10 @@ func extractTypeFromBase64Key(key string) (string, error) {

 // parseKeyString parses any key string in OpenSSH or SSH2 format to clean OpenSSH string (RFC4253).
 func parseKeyString(content string) (string, error) {
+	if len(content) > maxKeyContentBytes {
+		return "", util.NewInvalidArgumentErrorf("SSH public key content is too long")
+	}
+
 	// remove whitespace at start and end
 	content = strings.TrimSpace(content)

@@ -63,6 +78,8 @@ func parseKeyString(content string) (string, error) {
 		// Transform all legal line endings to a single "\n".
 		content = strings.NewReplacer("\r\n", "\n", "\r", "\n").Replace(content)

+		var b strings.Builder
+		b.Grow(len(content))
 		lines := strings.Split(content, "\n")
 		continuationLine := false

@@ -74,9 +91,10 @@ func parseKeyString(content string) (string, error) {
 			if continuationLine || strings.ContainsAny(line, ":-") {
 				continuationLine = strings.HasSuffix(line, "\\")
 			} else {
-				keyContent += line
+				b.WriteString(line)
 			}
 		}
+		keyContent = b.String()

 		t, err := extractTypeFromBase64Key(keyContent)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -473,10 +473,20 @@ func runErr(t *testing.T, stdin []byte, args ...string) {
 	}
 }

-func Test_PublicKeysAreExternallyManaged(t *testing.T) {
+func TestPublicKeysAreExternallyManaged(t *testing.T) {
 	key1 := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &PublicKey{ID: 1})
 	externals, err := PublicKeysAreExternallyManaged(t.Context(), []*PublicKey{key1})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, externals, 1)
 	assert.False(t, externals[0])
 }
+
+// TestCheckPublicKeyStringOversized tests if oversized SSH2 public key strings are rejected before triggering costly operations.
+func TestCheckPublicKeyStringOversized(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := parseKeyString(strings.Repeat("a", maxKeyContentBytes+1))
+	assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "SSH public key content is too long")
+
+	content := "---- BEGIN SSH2 PUBLIC KEY ----\n" + strings.Repeat("a", maxKeyContentBase64Bytes+1) + "\n--- END SSH2 PUBLIC KEY ----"
+	_, err = parseKeyString(content)
+	assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "SSH public key base64 is too long")
+}
@@ -304,6 +304,36 @@ func (s AccessTokenScope) PublicOnly() (bool, error) {
 	return bitmap.hasScope(AccessTokenScopePublicOnly)
 }

+// CanCreateChildScope reports whether a request authenticated by this (parent) scope may mint a token
+// carrying the child scope. It rejects any grantable scope the parent does not hold, closing the
+// scope-escalation path. public-only is a restriction rather than a grantable permission, so it is
+// ignored here (a child may always be public-only); EnforcePublicOnlyFrom handles carrying it down.
+func (s AccessTokenScope) CanCreateChildScope(child AccessTokenScope) (bool, error) {
+	requested := child.StringSlice()
+	scopes := make([]AccessTokenScope, 0, len(requested))
+	for _, sc := range requested {
+		childScope := AccessTokenScope(sc)
+		if childScope == AccessTokenScopePublicOnly {
+			continue
+		}
+		scopes = append(scopes, childScope)
+	}
+	return s.HasScope(scopes...)
+}
+
+// EnforcePublicOnlyFrom adds the public-only restriction to s when the authorizing parent scope is
+// public-only, so a public-only token cannot mint a child token that drops the restriction.
+func (s AccessTokenScope) EnforcePublicOnlyFrom(parent AccessTokenScope) (AccessTokenScope, error) {
+	publicOnly, err := parent.PublicOnly()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	if !publicOnly {
+		return s, nil
+	}
+	return AccessTokenScope(string(s) + "," + string(AccessTokenScopePublicOnly)).Normalize()
+}
+
 // HasScope returns true if the string has the given scope
 func (s AccessTokenScope) HasScope(scopes ...AccessTokenScope) (bool, error) {
 	bitmap, err := s.parse()
@@ -89,3 +89,26 @@ func TestAccessTokenScope_HasScope(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestAccessTokenScope_EnforcePublicOnlyFrom(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		in     AccessTokenScope
+		parent AccessTokenScope
+		out    AccessTokenScope
+	}{
+		// public-only parent forces the restriction onto the minted scope
+		{"write:user", "write:user,public-only", "public-only,write:user"},
+		// already public-only stays public-only
+		{"public-only,read:user", "public-only", "public-only,read:user"},
+		// non-public-only parent leaves the scope untouched
+		{"write:user", "write:user", "write:user"},
+		{"all", "all", "all"},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(string(test.parent)+"->"+string(test.in), func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := test.in.EnforcePublicOnlyFrom(test.parent)
+			assert.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, test.out, got)
+		})
+	}
+}
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"gitea.dev/modules/markup"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/optional"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/references"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/setting"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/structs"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/timeutil"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/translation"
@@ -626,11 +627,18 @@ func UpdateCommentAttachments(ctx context.Context, c *Comment, uuids []string) e
 		return nil
 	}
 	return db.WithTx(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) error {
+		issue, err := GetIssueByID(ctx, c.IssueID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 		attachments, err := repo_model.GetAttachmentsByUUIDs(ctx, uuids)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("getAttachmentsByUUIDs [uuids: %v]: %w", uuids, err)
 		}
 		for i := range attachments {
+			if err := validateAttachmentForIssue(ctx, issue, attachments[i]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 			attachments[i].IssueID = c.IssueID
 			attachments[i].CommentID = c.ID
 			if err := repo_model.UpdateAttachment(ctx, attachments[i]); err != nil {
@@ -643,36 +651,18 @@ func UpdateCommentAttachments(ctx context.Context, c *Comment, uuids []string) e
 }

 // LoadAssigneeUserAndTeam if comment.Type is CommentTypeAssignees, then load assignees
-func (c *Comment) LoadAssigneeUserAndTeam(ctx context.Context) error {
-	var err error
-
+func (c *Comment) LoadAssigneeUserAndTeam(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 	if c.AssigneeID > 0 && c.Assignee == nil {
-		c.Assignee, err = user_model.GetUserByID(ctx, c.AssigneeID)
+		_, c.Assignee, err = user_model.GetPossibleUserByID(ctx, c.AssigneeID)
 		if err != nil {
-			if !user_model.IsErrUserNotExist(err) {
-				return err
-			}
-			c.Assignee = user_model.NewGhostUser()
-		}
-	} else if c.AssigneeTeamID > 0 && c.AssigneeTeam == nil {
-		if err = c.LoadIssue(ctx); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-
-		if err = c.Issue.LoadRepo(ctx); err != nil {
+	}
+	if c.AssigneeTeamID > 0 && c.AssigneeTeam == nil {
+		_, c.AssigneeTeam, err = organization.GetPossibleTeamByID(ctx, c.AssigneeTeamID)
+		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-
-		if err = c.Issue.Repo.LoadOwner(ctx); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		if c.Issue.Repo.Owner.IsOrganization() {
-			c.AssigneeTeam, err = organization.GetTeamByID(ctx, c.AssigneeTeamID)
-			if err != nil && !organization.IsErrTeamNotExist(err) {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -795,8 +785,7 @@ func (c *Comment) MetaSpecialDoerTr(locale translation.Locale) template.HTML {
 }

 func (c *Comment) TimelineRequestedReviewTr(locale translation.Locale, createdStr template.HTML) template.HTML {
-	if c.AssigneeID > 0 {
-		// it guarantees LoadAssigneeUserAndTeam has been called, and c.Assignee is Ghost user but not nil if the user doesn't exist
+	if c.Assignee != nil {
 		if c.RemovedAssignee {
 			if c.PosterID == c.AssigneeID {
 				return locale.Tr("repo.issues.review.remove_review_request_self", createdStr)
@@ -805,14 +794,20 @@ func (c *Comment) TimelineRequestedReviewTr(locale translation.Locale, createdSt
 		}
 		return locale.Tr("repo.issues.review.add_review_request", c.Assignee.GetDisplayName(), createdStr)
 	}
-	teamName := "Ghost Team"
 	if c.AssigneeTeam != nil {
-		teamName = c.AssigneeTeam.Name
+		if c.RemovedAssignee {
+			return locale.Tr("repo.issues.review.remove_review_request", c.AssigneeTeam.Name, createdStr)
+		}
+		return locale.Tr("repo.issues.review.add_review_request", c.AssigneeTeam.Name, createdStr)
 	}
+
+	// impossible fallback
+	assigneePrompt := fmt.Sprintf("(AssigneeID=%d, AssigneeTeamID=%d)", c.AssigneeID, c.AssigneeTeam.ID)
+	setting.PanicInDevOrTesting("unknown timeline pull request review event comment: id=%d, %s", c.ID, assigneePrompt)
 	if c.RemovedAssignee {
-		return locale.Tr("repo.issues.review.remove_review_request", teamName, createdStr)
+		return locale.Tr("repo.issues.review.remove_review_request", assigneePrompt, createdStr)
 	}
-	return locale.Tr("repo.issues.review.add_review_request", teamName, createdStr)
+	return locale.Tr("repo.issues.review.add_review_request", assigneePrompt, createdStr)
 }

 // CreateComment creates comment with context
@@ -45,12 +45,27 @@ func TestCreateComment(t *testing.T) {
 	unittest.AssertInt64InRange(t, now, then, int64(updatedIssue.UpdatedUnix))
 }

+func TestLoadAssigneeUserAndTeam_DeletedTeamBecomesGhostTeam(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+	issue := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Issue{ID: 15})
+	comment := &issues_model.Comment{
+		Type:           issues_model.CommentTypeAssignees,
+		IssueID:        issue.ID,
+		AssigneeTeamID: 999999, // non-existing team ID
+	}
+	assert.NoError(t, comment.LoadAssigneeUserAndTeam(t.Context()))
+	assert.NotNil(t, comment.AssigneeTeam)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, -1, comment.AssigneeTeam.ID)
+}
+
 func Test_UpdateCommentAttachment(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())

 	comment := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Comment{ID: 1})
+	issue := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Issue{ID: comment.IssueID})
 	attachment := repo_model.Attachment{
-		Name: "test.txt",
+		RepoID: issue.RepoID, // must match the comment's repo, else the cross-repo guard rejects it
+		Name:   "test.txt",
 	}
 	assert.NoError(t, db.Insert(t.Context(), &attachment))

@@ -263,14 +263,46 @@ func AddDeletePRBranchComment(ctx context.Context, doer *user_model.User, repo *
 	return err
 }

+// validateAttachmentForIssue rejects a foreign or already-linked attachment before it is linked to
+// issue: a known UUID could otherwise re-link (and expose) another repo's private attachment. A
+// legacy attachment predating repo_id-on-upload is adopted into the issue's repo.
+func validateAttachmentForIssue(ctx context.Context, issue *Issue, attachment *repo_model.Attachment) error {
+	if attachment.RepoID == 0 && attachment.CreatedUnix < repo_model.LegacyAttachmentMissingRepoIDCutoff {
+		attachment.RepoID = issue.RepoID
+		if err := repo_model.UpdateAttachmentByUUID(ctx, attachment, "repo_id"); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("update attachment repo_id [id: %d]: %w", attachment.ID, err)
+		}
+	}
+	if attachment.RepoID != issue.RepoID {
+		return util.NewPermissionDeniedErrorf("attachment belongs to a different repository")
+	}
+	if attachment.IssueID != 0 && attachment.IssueID != issue.ID {
+		return util.NewPermissionDeniedErrorf("attachment is already linked to another issue")
+	}
+	if attachment.ReleaseID != 0 {
+		return util.NewPermissionDeniedErrorf("attachment is already linked to a release")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // UpdateIssueAttachments update attachments by UUIDs for the issue
 func UpdateIssueAttachments(ctx context.Context, issueID int64, uuids []string) (err error) {
+	if len(uuids) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
 	return db.WithTx(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) error {
+		issue, err := GetIssueByID(ctx, issueID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 		attachments, err := repo_model.GetAttachmentsByUUIDs(ctx, uuids)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("getAttachmentsByUUIDs [uuids: %v]: %w", uuids, err)
 		}
 		for i := range attachments {
+			if err := validateAttachmentForIssue(ctx, issue, attachments[i]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 			attachments[i].IssueID = issueID
 			if err := repo_model.UpdateAttachment(ctx, attachments[i]); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("update attachment [id: %d]: %w", attachments[i].ID, err)
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package issues_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	issues_model "gitea.dev/models/issues"
+	repo_model "gitea.dev/models/repo"
+	"gitea.dev/models/unittest"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/util"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestUpdateIssueAttachmentsCrossRepo(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	// attachment id 2 belongs to repo 2 / issue 4; issue 1 lives in repo 1
+	issue1 := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Issue{ID: 1})
+	foreign := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &repo_model.Attachment{ID: 2})
+	require.NotEqual(t, issue1.RepoID, foreign.RepoID)
+
+	// re-linking a foreign repo's attachment by UUID must be rejected
+	err := issues_model.UpdateIssueAttachments(t.Context(), issue1.ID, []string{foreign.UUID})
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, util.ErrPermissionDenied)
+
+	// the foreign attachment must be left untouched
+	reloaded := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &repo_model.Attachment{ID: 2})
+	assert.Equal(t, foreign.IssueID, reloaded.IssueID)
+}
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package issues

 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
@@ -27,12 +28,6 @@ type ErrRepoLabelNotExist struct {
 	RepoID  int64
 }

-// IsErrRepoLabelNotExist checks if an error is a RepoErrLabelNotExist.
-func IsErrRepoLabelNotExist(err error) bool {
-	_, ok := err.(ErrRepoLabelNotExist)
-	return ok
-}
-
 func (err ErrRepoLabelNotExist) Error() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("label does not exist [label_id: %d, repo_id: %d]", err.LabelID, err.RepoID)
 }
@@ -312,6 +307,18 @@ func GetLabelInRepoByName(ctx context.Context, repoID int64, labelName string) (
 	return l, nil
 }

+// GetLabelInRepoOrOrgByID returns the label with labelID scoped to the repo, falling back to the
+// repo's owning organization when ownerIsOrg is set. It returns ErrRepoLabelNotExist /
+// ErrOrgLabelNotExist when the label is in neither scope, so a foreign-but-existing label ID is
+// indistinguishable from a nonexistent one (no cross-repo enumeration oracle).
+func GetLabelInRepoOrOrgByID(ctx context.Context, repoID, ownerID int64, ownerIsOrg bool, labelID int64) (*Label, error) {
+	label, err := GetLabelInRepoByID(ctx, repoID, labelID)
+	if err != nil && errors.Is(err, util.ErrNotExist) && ownerIsOrg {
+		return GetLabelInOrgByID(ctx, ownerID, labelID)
+	}
+	return label, err
+}
+
 // GetLabelInRepoByID returns a label by ID in given repository.
 func GetLabelInRepoByID(ctx context.Context, repoID, labelID int64) (*Label, error) {
 	if labelID <= 0 || repoID <= 0 {
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"gitea.dev/models/unittest"
 	user_model "gitea.dev/models/user"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/timeutil"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/util"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
@@ -94,10 +95,10 @@ func TestGetLabelInRepoByName(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "label1", label.Name)

 	_, err = issues_model.GetLabelInRepoByName(t.Context(), 1, "")
-	assert.True(t, issues_model.IsErrRepoLabelNotExist(err))
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, util.ErrNotExist)

 	_, err = issues_model.GetLabelInRepoByName(t.Context(), unittest.NonexistentID, "nonexistent")
-	assert.True(t, issues_model.IsErrRepoLabelNotExist(err))
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, util.ErrNotExist)
 }

 func TestGetLabelInRepoByNames(t *testing.T) {
@@ -131,10 +132,10 @@ func TestGetLabelInRepoByID(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.EqualValues(t, 1, label.ID)

 	_, err = issues_model.GetLabelInRepoByID(t.Context(), 1, -1)
-	assert.True(t, issues_model.IsErrRepoLabelNotExist(err))
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, util.ErrNotExist)

 	_, err = issues_model.GetLabelInRepoByID(t.Context(), unittest.NonexistentID, unittest.NonexistentID)
-	assert.True(t, issues_model.IsErrRepoLabelNotExist(err))
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, util.ErrNotExist)
 }

 func TestGetLabelsInRepoByIDs(t *testing.T) {
@@ -324,6 +324,59 @@ func IsOfficialReviewerTeam(ctx context.Context, issue *Issue, team *organizatio
 	return slices.Contains(pb.ApprovalsWhitelistTeamIDs, team.ID), nil
 }

+// RecalculateReviewsOfficial re-evaluates the "official" flag of the latest approve
+// and reject reviews of an issue against its pull request's current base branch.
+// It must be called whenever the target branch changes, otherwise an approval that
+// was official on the previous (possibly unprotected) branch would keep satisfying
+// the new branch's protection rules.
+func RecalculateReviewsOfficial(ctx context.Context, issue *Issue) error {
+	if err := issue.LoadPullRequest(ctx); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Clearing and restoring the official flags must happen atomically, otherwise a
+	// failure in between would leave the reviews without any official flag set.
+	return db.WithTx(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) error {
+		// Only the latest approve/reject review of each reviewer counts as official, so
+		// clear the flag on all of them first and restore it only where it still applies.
+		if _, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).
+			Where("issue_id = ?", issue.ID).
+			In("type", ReviewTypeApprove, ReviewTypeReject).
+			Cols("official").
+			Update(&Review{Official: false}); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		reviews, err := FindLatestReviews(ctx, FindReviewOptions{
+			Types:   []ReviewType{ReviewTypeApprove, ReviewTypeReject},
+			IssueID: issue.ID,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		for _, review := range reviews {
+			if err := review.LoadReviewer(ctx); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if review.Reviewer == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			official, err := IsOfficialReviewer(ctx, issue, review.Reviewer)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if official {
+				if _, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).ID(review.ID).Cols("official").Update(&Review{Official: true}); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
 // CreateReview creates a new review based on opts
 func CreateReview(ctx context.Context, opts CreateReviewOptions) (*Review, error) {
 	return db.WithTx2(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) (*Review, error) {
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ package issues_test
 import (
 	"testing"

+	"gitea.dev/models/db"
+	git_model "gitea.dev/models/git"
 	issues_model "gitea.dev/models/issues"
 	repo_model "gitea.dev/models/repo"
 	"gitea.dev/models/unittest"
@@ -386,3 +388,45 @@ func TestAddReviewRequest(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NotNil(t, comment.CommentMetaData)
 	assert.Equal(t, issues_model.SpecialDoerNameCodeOwners, comment.CommentMetaData.SpecialDoerName)
 }
+
+func TestRecalculateReviewsOfficial(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	// PR #2 targets repo1's "master" branch. Simulate an approval that became
+	// official while the PR targeted an unprotected branch.
+	issue := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Issue{ID: 3})
+	reviewer := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 4})
+	review, err := issues_model.CreateReview(t.Context(), issues_model.CreateReviewOptions{
+		Type:     issues_model.ReviewTypeApprove,
+		Issue:    issue,
+		Reviewer: reviewer,
+		Official: true,
+	})
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Protect the (now current) target branch with an approvals whitelist that
+	// does not include the reviewer, mirroring a retarget onto a protected branch.
+	rule := &git_model.ProtectedBranch{
+		RepoID:                    issue.RepoID,
+		RuleName:                  "master",
+		EnableApprovalsWhitelist:  true,
+		ApprovalsWhitelistUserIDs: []int64{2},
+		RequiredApprovals:         1,
+	}
+	assert.NoError(t, db.Insert(t.Context(), rule))
+
+	// Re-evaluating must strip the stale official flag, otherwise the approval
+	// would still satisfy the protected branch's required approvals.
+	assert.NoError(t, issues_model.RecalculateReviewsOfficial(t.Context(), issue))
+	review = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Review{ID: review.ID})
+	assert.False(t, review.Official)
+
+	// Once the reviewer is whitelisted, re-evaluating restores the official flag.
+	rule.ApprovalsWhitelistUserIDs = []int64{2, reviewer.ID}
+	_, err = db.GetEngine(t.Context()).ID(rule.ID).Cols("approvals_whitelist_user_i_ds").Update(rule)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.NoError(t, issues_model.RecalculateReviewsOfficial(t.Context(), issue))
+	review = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &issues_model.Review{ID: review.ID})
+	assert.True(t, review.Official)
+}
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package organization

 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"

@@ -92,6 +93,15 @@ func (t *Team) IsPublic() bool  { return t.Visibility.IsPublic() }
 func (t *Team) IsLimited() bool { return t.Visibility.IsLimited() }
 func (t *Team) IsPrivate() bool { return t.Visibility.IsPrivate() }

+const (
+	ghostTeamID   = -1
+	ghostTeamName = "(deleted team)"
+)
+
+func newGhostTeam() *Team {
+	return &Team{ID: ghostTeamID, Name: ghostTeamName, LowerName: ghostTeamName}
+}
+
 // CanNonMemberReadMeta reports whether a non-member, non-owner doer may read
 // the team's metadata, based on the team's visibility tier and the parent org's
 // visibility. Privileged callers (site admins, org owners, team members) are
@@ -270,6 +280,17 @@ func GetTeamByID(ctx context.Context, teamID int64) (*Team, error) {
 	return t, nil
 }

+func GetPossibleTeamByID(ctx context.Context, teamID int64) (int64, *Team, error) {
+	t, err := GetTeamByID(ctx, teamID)
+	if errors.Is(err, util.ErrNotExist) {
+		t = newGhostTeam()
+		return t.ID, t, nil
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil, err
+	}
+	return t.ID, t, nil
+}
+
 // IncrTeamRepoNum increases the number of repos for the given team by 1
 func IncrTeamRepoNum(ctx context.Context, teamID int64) error {
 	_, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Incr("num_repos").ID(teamID).Update(new(Team))
@@ -31,18 +31,28 @@ func GetOrgRepositoryIDs(ctx context.Context, orgID int64) (repoIDs []int64, _ e
 type SearchTeamRepoOptions struct {
 	db.ListOptions
 	TeamID int64
+	// PublicOnly restricts the result (and count) to non-private repositories.
+	PublicOnly bool
+}
+
+func (opts *SearchTeamRepoOptions) toCond() builder.Cond {
+	cond := builder.NewCond()
+	if opts.TeamID > 0 {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.In("id",
+			builder.Select("repo_id").
+				From("team_repo").
+				Where(builder.Eq{"team_id": opts.TeamID}),
+		))
+	}
+	if opts.PublicOnly {
+		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{"is_private": false})
+	}
+	return cond
 }

 // GetTeamRepositories returns paginated repositories in team of organization.
 func GetTeamRepositories(ctx context.Context, opts *SearchTeamRepoOptions) (RepositoryList, error) {
-	sess := db.GetEngine(ctx)
-	if opts.TeamID > 0 {
-		sess = sess.In("id",
-			builder.Select("repo_id").
-				From("team_repo").
-				Where(builder.Eq{"team_id": opts.TeamID}),
-		)
-	}
+	sess := db.GetEngine(ctx).Where(opts.toCond())
 	if opts.PageSize > 0 {
 		sess.Limit(opts.PageSize, (opts.Page-1)*opts.PageSize)
 	}
@@ -51,6 +61,11 @@ func GetTeamRepositories(ctx context.Context, opts *SearchTeamRepoOptions) (Repo
 		Find(&repos)
 }

+// CountTeamRepositories returns the number of repositories in team of organization matching opts.
+func CountTeamRepositories(ctx context.Context, opts *SearchTeamRepoOptions) (int64, error) {
+	return db.GetEngine(ctx).Where(opts.toCond()).Count(new(Repository))
+}
+
 // AccessibleReposEnvironment operations involving the repositories that are
 // accessible to a particular user
 type AccessibleReposEnvironment interface {
@@ -310,11 +310,17 @@ func userOrgTeamRepoBuilder(userID int64) *builder.Builder {
 }

 // userOrgTeamUnitRepoBuilder returns repo ids where user's teams can access the special unit.
+// A team grants the unit either through an explicit team_unit row (access_mode > none) or by being an
+// admin/owner team (team.authorize >= admin), which grants every unit regardless of team_unit rows —
+// mirroring the HasAdminAccess() short-circuit in access.GetIndividualUserRepoPermission.
 func userOrgTeamUnitRepoBuilder(userID int64, unitType unit.Type) *builder.Builder {
 	return userOrgTeamRepoBuilder(userID).
-		Join("INNER", "team_unit", "`team_unit`.team_id = `team_repo`.team_id").
-		Where(builder.Eq{"`team_unit`.`type`": unitType}).
-		And(builder.Gt{"`team_unit`.`access_mode`": int(perm.AccessModeNone)})
+		Join("INNER", "team", "`team`.id = `team_repo`.team_id").
+		Join("LEFT", "team_unit", builder.Expr("`team_unit`.team_id = `team_repo`.team_id AND `team_unit`.`type` = ?", unitType)).
+		Where(builder.Or(
+			builder.Gte{"`team`.authorize": int(perm.AccessModeAdmin)},
+			builder.Gt{"`team_unit`.`access_mode`": int(perm.AccessModeNone)},
+		))
 }

 // userOrgTeamUnitRepoCond returns a condition to select repo ids where user's teams can access the special unit.
@@ -326,7 +332,7 @@ func userOrgTeamUnitRepoCond(idStr string, userID int64, unitType unit.Type) bui
 func UserOrgUnitRepoCond(idStr string, userID, orgID int64, unitType unit.Type) builder.Cond {
 	return builder.In(idStr,
 		userOrgTeamUnitRepoBuilder(userID, unitType).
-			And(builder.Eq{"`team_unit`.org_id": orgID}),
+			And(builder.Eq{"`team`.org_id": orgID}),
 	)
 }

@@ -755,6 +761,40 @@ func FindUserCodeAccessibleOwnerRepoIDs(ctx context.Context, ownerID int64, user
 	))
 }

+// PublicRepoUnderPublicOwnerCond restricts to public repos whose owner is publicly visible: the
+// "genuinely public" set a public-only token or an anonymous caller may see (a public repo under a
+// limited/private owner is not publicly reachable and must be excluded).
+func PublicRepoUnderPublicOwnerCond() builder.Cond {
+	return builder.And(
+		builder.Eq{"`repository`.is_private": false},
+		builder.In("`repository`.owner_id", builder.Select("id").From("`user`").Where(builder.Eq{"visibility": structs.VisibleTypePublic})),
+	)
+}
+
+// UserActionsAccessibleOwnerRepoCond selects the repos owned by ownerID whose Actions `user` may read.
+// It is used to list an org/user's Actions runs and jobs (see the callers in routers/api/v1/shared).
+//   - owner_id = ownerID: only that owner's repos.
+//   - AccessibleRepositoryCondition(user, TypeActions): only repos whose Actions the user can read
+//     (admin/owner teams are handled inside it; a site admin is not, callers must skip the filter for one).
+//   - publicOnly (a public-only token): additionally limit to public repos under a public owner.
+func UserActionsAccessibleOwnerRepoCond(ownerID int64, user *user_model.User, publicOnly bool) builder.Cond {
+	cond := builder.NewCond().And(
+		builder.Eq{"`repository`.owner_id": ownerID},
+		AccessibleRepositoryCondition(user, unit.TypeActions),
+	)
+	if publicOnly {
+		cond = cond.And(PublicRepoUnderPublicOwnerCond())
+	}
+	return cond
+}
+
+// FindUserActionsAccessibleOwnerRepoIDsSubQuery returns a subquery selecting the repository IDs the user
+// can see for the given owner. Callers embed it in an `IN (...)` condition so that a large owner does not
+// materialize every repo ID into the SQL statement, which could exceed database parameter limits.
+func FindUserActionsAccessibleOwnerRepoIDsSubQuery(ownerID int64, user *user_model.User, publicOnly bool) *builder.Builder {
+	return builder.Select("id").From("repository").Where(UserActionsAccessibleOwnerRepoCond(ownerID, user, publicOnly))
+}
+
 // GetUserRepositories returns a list of repositories of given user.
 func GetUserRepositories(ctx context.Context, opts SearchRepoOptions) (RepositoryList, int64, error) {
 	if len(opts.OrderBy) == 0 {
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (

 	"gitea.dev/models/db"
 	repo_model "gitea.dev/models/repo"
+	"gitea.dev/models/unit"
 	"gitea.dev/models/unittest"
 	user_model "gitea.dev/models/user"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/optional"
@@ -466,3 +467,50 @@ func TestSearchRepositoryByTopicName(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestFindUserActionsAccessibleOwnerRepoIDs(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+	// user2 is on org3's owner team, so it can access org3's private repo3 (which has the actions unit)
+	user := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 2})
+
+	// org3 is a public org owning repo3 (private) and repo32 (public), both with the actions unit
+	const orgID = 3
+
+	all, err := repo_model.SearchRepositoryIDsByCondition(t.Context(), repo_model.UserActionsAccessibleOwnerRepoCond(orgID, user, false))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, all, int64(3), "without public-only the private repo's actions are listed")
+
+	publicOnly, err := repo_model.SearchRepositoryIDsByCondition(t.Context(), repo_model.UserActionsAccessibleOwnerRepoCond(orgID, user, true))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotContains(t, publicOnly, int64(3), "a public-only token must not list a private repo's actions")
+	assert.Contains(t, publicOnly, int64(32), "a public repo under a public owner stays listed")
+}
+
+// TestUserOrgUnitRepoCondTeamAuthorize pins the team.authorize behavior of userOrgTeamUnitRepoBuilder
+// (exercised through UserOrgUnitRepoCond): an admin/owner team grants every unit even without an explicit
+// team_unit row, while a non-admin team only grants a unit it has an explicit row for. This guards both
+// directions — hiding repos from admin-team members, and over-broadening a plain team's access.
+func TestUserOrgUnitRepoCondTeamAuthorize(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	accessibleRepoIDs := func(userID, orgID int64, unitType unit.Type) []int64 {
+		ids, err := repo_model.SearchRepositoryIDsByCondition(t.Context(),
+			repo_model.UserOrgUnitRepoCond("`repository`.id", userID, orgID, unitType))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		return ids
+	}
+
+	// Case A: user18 is only on org17's owner team (team5, authorize=owner), linked to the private repo24
+	// but with no Actions team_unit row. The owner authorize must still grant it, mirroring the runtime
+	// HasAdminAccess() short-circuit in access.GetIndividualUserRepoPermission.
+	assert.Contains(t, accessibleRepoIDs(18, 17, unit.TypeActions), int64(24),
+		"an owner team grants a unit it has no explicit team_unit row for")
+
+	// Cases B and C share one subject so the team_unit row is the only difference: user4 is only on org3's
+	// write team (team2, authorize=write, non-admin), linked to the private repo3. team2 has an explicit
+	// Projects row but none for Actions.
+	assert.Contains(t, accessibleRepoIDs(4, 3, unit.TypeProjects), int64(3),
+		"a non-admin team grants a unit it has an explicit team_unit row for")
+	assert.NotContains(t, accessibleRepoIDs(4, 3, unit.TypeActions), int64(3),
+		"a non-admin team must NOT grant a unit it has no team_unit row for")
+}
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ type StarredReposOptions struct {
 	StarrerID      int64
 	RepoOwnerID    int64
 	IncludePrivate bool
+	// Actor is the user the private repositories are gated on: a private repo is only
+	// returned when Actor still has access to it, even if it was starred while access was granted.
+	Actor *user_model.User
 }

 func (opts *StarredReposOptions) ApplyPublicOnly(publicOnly bool) {
@@ -39,10 +42,12 @@ func (opts *StarredReposOptions) ToConds() builder.Cond {
 			"repository.owner_id": opts.RepoOwnerID,
 		})
 	}
-	if !opts.IncludePrivate {
-		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{
-			"repository.is_private": false,
-		})
+	if opts.IncludePrivate {
+		// only include private repos the actor can still access, so metadata does not leak after access revocation
+		cond = cond.And(AccessibleRepositoryCondition(opts.Actor, unit.TypeInvalid))
+	} else {
+		// a public repo under a limited/private owner is not publicly reachable, so exclude it too
+		cond = cond.And(PublicRepoUnderPublicOwnerCond())
 	}
 	return cond
 }
@@ -66,6 +71,9 @@ type WatchedReposOptions struct {
 	WatcherID      int64
 	RepoOwnerID    int64
 	IncludePrivate bool
+	// Actor is the user the private repositories are gated on: a private repo is only
+	// returned when Actor still has access to it, even if it was watched while access was granted.
+	Actor *user_model.User
 }

 func (opts *WatchedReposOptions) ApplyPublicOnly(publicOnly bool) {
@@ -83,10 +91,12 @@ func (opts *WatchedReposOptions) ToConds() builder.Cond {
 			"repository.owner_id": opts.RepoOwnerID,
 		})
 	}
-	if !opts.IncludePrivate {
-		cond = cond.And(builder.Eq{
-			"repository.is_private": false,
-		})
+	if opts.IncludePrivate {
+		// only include private repos the actor can still access, so metadata does not leak after access revocation
+		cond = cond.And(AccessibleRepositoryCondition(opts.Actor, unit.TypeInvalid))
+	} else {
+		// a public repo under a limited/private owner is not publicly reachable, so exclude it too
+		cond = cond.And(PublicRepoUnderPublicOwnerCond())
 	}
 	return cond.And(builder.Neq{
 		"watch.mode": WatchModeDont,
@@ -84,3 +84,40 @@ func testUserRepoGetIssuePostersWithSearch(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Len(t, users, 1)
 	assert.Equal(t, "user2", users[0].Name)
 }
+
+func TestStarredWatchedReposExcludeNonPublicOwners(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	const viewerID = 2
+	// repo1: public repo under a public owner; repo38: public repo under a limited org (not publicly reachable)
+	const publicOwnerRepo, limitedOwnerRepo = 1, 38
+
+	require.NoError(t, db.Insert(t.Context(), &repo_model.Star{UID: viewerID, RepoID: publicOwnerRepo}))
+	require.NoError(t, db.Insert(t.Context(), &repo_model.Star{UID: viewerID, RepoID: limitedOwnerRepo}))
+	require.NoError(t, db.Insert(t.Context(), &repo_model.Watch{UserID: viewerID, RepoID: publicOwnerRepo, Mode: repo_model.WatchModeNormal}))
+	require.NoError(t, db.Insert(t.Context(), &repo_model.Watch{UserID: viewerID, RepoID: limitedOwnerRepo, Mode: repo_model.WatchModeNormal}))
+
+	listOpts := db.ListOptions{Page: 1, PageSize: 50}
+
+	starred, err := repo_model.GetStarredRepos(t.Context(), &repo_model.StarredReposOptions{
+		ListOptions: listOpts, StarrerID: viewerID, IncludePrivate: false,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotContains(t, repoIDs(starred), int64(limitedOwnerRepo), "a public repo under a limited owner must be hidden from a public star listing")
+	assert.Contains(t, repoIDs(starred), int64(publicOwnerRepo), "a public repo under a public owner stays visible")
+
+	watched, _, err := repo_model.GetWatchedRepos(t.Context(), &repo_model.WatchedReposOptions{
+		ListOptions: listOpts, WatcherID: viewerID, IncludePrivate: false,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotContains(t, repoIDs(watched), int64(limitedOwnerRepo), "a public repo under a limited owner must be hidden from a public watch listing")
+	assert.Contains(t, repoIDs(watched), int64(publicOwnerRepo), "a public repo under a public owner stays visible")
+}
+
+func repoIDs(repos []*repo_model.Repository) []int64 {
+	ids := make([]int64, len(repos))
+	for i, r := range repos {
+		ids[i] = r.ID
+	}
+	return ids
+}
@@ -55,29 +55,34 @@ func ParseScopedWorkflows(sourceCommit *git.Commit) ([]*ParsedScopedWorkflow, er
 	return parsed, nil
 }

-// MatchScopedWorkflows evaluates already-parsed scoped workflows against one consuming event, returning those whose `on:` matches.
+// MatchScopedWorkflows evaluates already-parsed scoped workflows against one consuming event.
+// It returns the workflows whose `on:` matches, and those that matched the event but were excluded by a branch/paths filter (filtered).
 func MatchScopedWorkflows(
 	parsed []*ParsedScopedWorkflow,
 	consumerGitRepo *git.Repository,
 	consumerCommit *git.Commit,
 	triggedEvent webhook_module.HookEventType,
 	payload api.Payloader,
-) []*DetectedWorkflow {
-	workflows := make([]*DetectedWorkflow, 0, len(parsed))
+) (matched, filtered []*DetectedWorkflow) {
 	for _, p := range parsed {
 		for _, evt := range p.Events {
 			if evt.IsSchedule() {
 				// schedule is a non-target for scoped workflows
 				continue
 			}
-			if detectMatched(consumerGitRepo, consumerCommit, triggedEvent, payload, evt) {
-				workflows = append(workflows, &DetectedWorkflow{
-					EntryName:    p.EntryName,
-					TriggerEvent: evt,
-					Content:      p.Content,
-				})
+			dwf := &DetectedWorkflow{
+				EntryName:    p.EntryName,
+				TriggerEvent: evt,
+				Content:      p.Content,
+			}
+			switch detectWorkflowMatch(consumerGitRepo, consumerCommit, triggedEvent, payload, evt) {
+			case detectMatched:
+				matched = append(matched, dwf)
+			case detectFilteredOut:
+				filtered = append(filtered, dwf)
+			case detectNotApplicable:
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	return workflows
+	return matched, filtered
 }
@@ -30,6 +30,14 @@ type DetectedWorkflow struct {
 	Content      []byte
 }

+type detectResult int
+
+const (
+	detectMatched       detectResult = iota // event matched; run normally
+	detectNotApplicable                     // event/type doesn't apply; create nothing
+	detectFilteredOut                       // matched but excluded by a branch/paths filter; posts a skipped commit status when the context is a required check
+)
+
 func init() {
 	model.OnDecodeNodeError = func(node yaml.Node, out any, err error) {
 		// Log the error instead of panic or fatal.
@@ -172,18 +180,16 @@ func DetectWorkflows(
 	triggedEvent webhook_module.HookEventType,
 	payload api.Payloader,
 	detectSchedule bool,
-) ([]*DetectedWorkflow, []*DetectedWorkflow, error) {
+) (workflows, schedules, filtered []*DetectedWorkflow, err error) {
 	_, entries, err := ListWorkflows(commit)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
 	}

-	workflows := make([]*DetectedWorkflow, 0, len(entries))
-	schedules := make([]*DetectedWorkflow, 0, len(entries))
 	for _, entry := range entries {
 		content, err := GetContentFromEntry(entry)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, err
+			return nil, nil, nil, err
 		}

 		// one workflow may have multiple events
@@ -203,18 +209,24 @@ func DetectWorkflows(
 					}
 					schedules = append(schedules, dwf)
 				}
-			} else if detectMatched(gitRepo, commit, triggedEvent, payload, evt) {
+			} else {
 				dwf := &DetectedWorkflow{
 					EntryName:    entry.Name(),
 					TriggerEvent: evt,
 					Content:      content,
 				}
-				workflows = append(workflows, dwf)
+				switch detectWorkflowMatch(gitRepo, commit, triggedEvent, payload, evt) {
+				case detectMatched:
+					workflows = append(workflows, dwf)
+				case detectFilteredOut:
+					filtered = append(filtered, dwf)
+				case detectNotApplicable:
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}

-	return workflows, schedules, nil
+	return workflows, schedules, filtered, nil
 }

 func DetectScheduledWorkflows(gitRepo *git.Repository, commit *git.Commit) ([]*DetectedWorkflow, error) {
@@ -252,9 +264,9 @@ func DetectScheduledWorkflows(gitRepo *git.Repository, commit *git.Commit) ([]*D
 	return wfs, nil
 }

-func detectMatched(gitRepo *git.Repository, commit *git.Commit, triggedEvent webhook_module.HookEventType, payload api.Payloader, evt *jobparser.Event) bool {
+func detectWorkflowMatch(gitRepo *git.Repository, commit *git.Commit, triggedEvent webhook_module.HookEventType, payload api.Payloader, evt *jobparser.Event) detectResult {
 	if !canGithubEventMatch(evt.Name, triggedEvent) {
-		return false
+		return detectNotApplicable
 	}

 	switch triggedEvent {
@@ -268,7 +280,7 @@ func detectMatched(gitRepo *git.Repository, commit *git.Commit, triggedEvent web
 			log.Warn("Ignore unsupported %s event arguments %v", triggedEvent, evt.Acts())
 		}
 		// no special filter parameters for these events, just return true if name matched
-		return true
+		return detectMatched

 	case // push
 		webhook_module.HookEventPush:
@@ -279,14 +291,20 @@ func detectMatched(gitRepo *git.Repository, commit *git.Commit, triggedEvent web
 		webhook_module.HookEventIssueAssign,
 		webhook_module.HookEventIssueLabel,
 		webhook_module.HookEventIssueMilestone:
-		return matchIssuesEvent(payload.(*api.IssuePayload), evt)
+		if matchIssuesEvent(payload.(*api.IssuePayload), evt) {
+			return detectMatched
+		}
+		return detectNotApplicable

 	case // issue_comment
 		webhook_module.HookEventIssueComment,
 		// `pull_request_comment` is same as `issue_comment`
 		// See https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/events-that-trigger-workflows#pull_request_comment-use-issue_comment
 		webhook_module.HookEventPullRequestComment:
-		return matchIssueCommentEvent(payload.(*api.IssueCommentPayload), evt)
+		if matchIssueCommentEvent(payload.(*api.IssueCommentPayload), evt) {
+			return detectMatched
+		}
+		return detectNotApplicable

 	case // pull_request
 		webhook_module.HookEventPullRequest,
@@ -300,34 +318,49 @@ func detectMatched(gitRepo *git.Repository, commit *git.Commit, triggedEvent web
 	case // pull_request_review
 		webhook_module.HookEventPullRequestReviewApproved,
 		webhook_module.HookEventPullRequestReviewRejected:
-		return matchPullRequestReviewEvent(payload.(*api.PullRequestPayload), evt)
+		if matchPullRequestReviewEvent(payload.(*api.PullRequestPayload), evt) {
+			return detectMatched
+		}
+		return detectNotApplicable

 	case // pull_request_review_comment
 		webhook_module.HookEventPullRequestReviewComment:
-		return matchPullRequestReviewCommentEvent(payload.(*api.PullRequestPayload), evt)
+		if matchPullRequestReviewCommentEvent(payload.(*api.PullRequestPayload), evt) {
+			return detectMatched
+		}
+		return detectNotApplicable

 	case // release
 		webhook_module.HookEventRelease:
-		return matchReleaseEvent(payload.(*api.ReleasePayload), evt)
+		if matchReleaseEvent(payload.(*api.ReleasePayload), evt) {
+			return detectMatched
+		}
+		return detectNotApplicable

 	case // registry_package
 		webhook_module.HookEventPackage:
-		return matchPackageEvent(payload.(*api.PackagePayload), evt)
+		if matchPackageEvent(payload.(*api.PackagePayload), evt) {
+			return detectMatched
+		}
+		return detectNotApplicable

 	case // workflow_run
 		webhook_module.HookEventWorkflowRun:
-		return matchWorkflowRunEvent(payload.(*api.WorkflowRunPayload), evt)
+		if matchWorkflowRunEvent(payload.(*api.WorkflowRunPayload), evt) {
+			return detectMatched
+		}
+		return detectNotApplicable

 	default:
 		log.Warn("unsupported event %q", triggedEvent)
-		return false
+		return detectNotApplicable
 	}
 }

-func matchPushEvent(commit *git.Commit, pushPayload *api.PushPayload, evt *jobparser.Event) bool {
+func matchPushEvent(commit *git.Commit, pushPayload *api.PushPayload, evt *jobparser.Event) detectResult {
 	// with no special filter parameters
 	if len(evt.Acts()) == 0 {
-		return true
+		return detectMatched
 	}

 	matchTimes := 0
@@ -393,14 +426,14 @@ func matchPushEvent(commit *git.Commit, pushPayload *api.PushPayload, evt *jobpa
 			filesChanged, err := commit.GetFilesChangedSinceCommit(pushPayload.Before)
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Error("GetFilesChangedSinceCommit [commit_sha1: %s]: %v", commit.ID.String(), err)
-			} else {
-				patterns, err := workflowpattern.CompilePatterns(vals...)
-				if err != nil {
-					break
-				}
-				if !workflowpattern.Skip(patterns, filesChanged) {
-					matchTimes++
-				}
+				return detectNotApplicable
+			}
+			patterns, err := workflowpattern.CompilePatterns(vals...)
+			if err != nil {
+				break
+			}
+			if !workflowpattern.Skip(patterns, filesChanged) {
+				matchTimes++
 			}
 		case "paths-ignore":
 			if refName.IsTag() {
@@ -410,14 +443,14 @@ func matchPushEvent(commit *git.Commit, pushPayload *api.PushPayload, evt *jobpa
 			filesChanged, err := commit.GetFilesChangedSinceCommit(pushPayload.Before)
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Error("GetFilesChangedSinceCommit [commit_sha1: %s]: %v", commit.ID.String(), err)
-			} else {
-				patterns, err := workflowpattern.CompilePatterns(vals...)
-				if err != nil {
-					break
-				}
-				if !workflowpattern.Filter(patterns, filesChanged) {
-					matchTimes++
-				}
+				return detectNotApplicable
+			}
+			patterns, err := workflowpattern.CompilePatterns(vals...)
+			if err != nil {
+				break
+			}
+			if !workflowpattern.Filter(patterns, filesChanged) {
+				matchTimes++
 			}
 		default:
 			log.Warn("push event unsupported condition %q", cond)
@@ -427,7 +460,10 @@ func matchPushEvent(commit *git.Commit, pushPayload *api.PushPayload, evt *jobpa
 	if hasBranchFilter && hasTagFilter {
 		matchTimes++
 	}
-	return matchTimes == len(evt.Acts())
+	if matchTimes == len(evt.Acts()) {
+		return detectMatched
+	}
+	return detectFilteredOut
 }

 func matchIssuesEvent(issuePayload *api.IssuePayload, evt *jobparser.Event) bool {
@@ -478,7 +514,7 @@ func matchIssuesEvent(issuePayload *api.IssuePayload, evt *jobparser.Event) bool
 	return matchTimes == len(evt.Acts())
 }

-func matchPullRequestEvent(gitRepo *git.Repository, commit *git.Commit, prPayload *api.PullRequestPayload, evt *jobparser.Event) bool {
+func matchPullRequestEvent(gitRepo *git.Repository, commit *git.Commit, prPayload *api.PullRequestPayload, evt *jobparser.Event) detectResult {
 	acts := evt.Acts()
 	activityTypeMatched := false
 	matchTimes := 0
@@ -525,7 +561,7 @@ func matchPullRequestEvent(gitRepo *git.Repository, commit *git.Commit, prPayloa
 		headCommit, err = gitRepo.GetCommit(prPayload.PullRequest.Head.Sha)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Error("GetCommit [ref: %s]: %v", prPayload.PullRequest.Head.Sha, err)
-			return false
+			return detectNotApplicable
 		}
 	}

@@ -557,33 +593,39 @@ func matchPullRequestEvent(gitRepo *git.Repository, commit *git.Commit, prPayloa
 			filesChanged, err := headCommit.GetFilesChangedSinceCommit(prPayload.PullRequest.MergeBase)
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Error("GetFilesChangedSinceCommit [commit_sha1: %s]: %v", headCommit.ID.String(), err)
-			} else {
-				patterns, err := workflowpattern.CompilePatterns(vals...)
-				if err != nil {
-					break
-				}
-				if !workflowpattern.Skip(patterns, filesChanged) {
-					matchTimes++
-				}
+				return detectNotApplicable
+			}
+			patterns, err := workflowpattern.CompilePatterns(vals...)
+			if err != nil {
+				break
+			}
+			if !workflowpattern.Skip(patterns, filesChanged) {
+				matchTimes++
 			}
 		case "paths-ignore":
 			filesChanged, err := headCommit.GetFilesChangedSinceCommit(prPayload.PullRequest.MergeBase)
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Error("GetFilesChangedSinceCommit [commit_sha1: %s]: %v", headCommit.ID.String(), err)
-			} else {
-				patterns, err := workflowpattern.CompilePatterns(vals...)
-				if err != nil {
-					break
-				}
-				if !workflowpattern.Filter(patterns, filesChanged) {
-					matchTimes++
-				}
+				return detectNotApplicable
+			}
+			patterns, err := workflowpattern.CompilePatterns(vals...)
+			if err != nil {
+				break
+			}
+			if !workflowpattern.Filter(patterns, filesChanged) {
+				matchTimes++
 			}
 		default:
 			log.Warn("pull request event unsupported condition %q", cond)
 		}
 	}
-	return activityTypeMatched && matchTimes == len(evt.Acts())
+	if !activityTypeMatched {
+		return detectNotApplicable
+	}
+	if matchTimes != len(evt.Acts()) {
+		return detectFilteredOut
+	}
+	return detectMatched
 }

 func matchIssueCommentEvent(issueCommentPayload *api.IssueCommentPayload, evt *jobparser.Event) bool {
@@ -101,49 +101,49 @@ func TestDetectMatched(t *testing.T) {
 		triggedEvent webhook_module.HookEventType
 		payload      api.Payloader
 		yamlOn       string
-		expected     bool
+		expected     detectResult
 	}{
 		{
 			desc:         "HookEventCreate(create) matches GithubEventCreate(create)",
 			triggedEvent: webhook_module.HookEventCreate,
 			payload:      nil,
 			yamlOn:       "on: create",
-			expected:     true,
+			expected:     detectMatched,
 		},
 		{
 			desc:         "HookEventIssues(issues) `opened` action matches GithubEventIssues(issues)",
 			triggedEvent: webhook_module.HookEventIssues,
 			payload:      &api.IssuePayload{Action: api.HookIssueOpened},
 			yamlOn:       "on: issues",
-			expected:     true,
+			expected:     detectMatched,
 		},
 		{
 			desc:         "HookEventIssues(issues) `milestoned` action matches GithubEventIssues(issues)",
 			triggedEvent: webhook_module.HookEventIssues,
 			payload:      &api.IssuePayload{Action: api.HookIssueMilestoned},
 			yamlOn:       "on: issues",
-			expected:     true,
+			expected:     detectMatched,
 		},
 		{
 			desc:         "HookEventPullRequestSync(pull_request_sync) matches GithubEventPullRequest(pull_request)",
 			triggedEvent: webhook_module.HookEventPullRequestSync,
 			payload:      &api.PullRequestPayload{Action: api.HookIssueSynchronized},
 			yamlOn:       "on: pull_request",
-			expected:     true,
+			expected:     detectMatched,
 		},
 		{
 			desc:         "HookEventPullRequest(pull_request) `label_updated` action doesn't match GithubEventPullRequest(pull_request) with no activity type",
 			triggedEvent: webhook_module.HookEventPullRequest,
 			payload:      &api.PullRequestPayload{Action: api.HookIssueLabelUpdated},
 			yamlOn:       "on: pull_request",
-			expected:     false,
+			expected:     detectNotApplicable,
 		},
 		{
 			desc:         "HookEventPullRequest(pull_request) `closed` action doesn't match GithubEventPullRequest(pull_request) with no activity type",
 			triggedEvent: webhook_module.HookEventPullRequest,
 			payload:      &api.PullRequestPayload{Action: api.HookIssueClosed},
 			yamlOn:       "on: pull_request",
-			expected:     false,
+			expected:     detectNotApplicable,
 		},
 		{
 			desc:         "HookEventPullRequest(pull_request) `closed` action doesn't match GithubEventPullRequest(pull_request) with branches",
@@ -155,56 +155,56 @@ func TestDetectMatched(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 			yamlOn:   "on:\n  pull_request:\n    branches: [main]",
-			expected: false,
+			expected: detectNotApplicable,
 		},
 		{
 			desc:         "HookEventPullRequest(pull_request) `label_updated` action matches GithubEventPullRequest(pull_request) with `label` activity type",
 			triggedEvent: webhook_module.HookEventPullRequest,
 			payload:      &api.PullRequestPayload{Action: api.HookIssueLabelUpdated},
 			yamlOn:       "on:\n  pull_request:\n    types: [labeled]",
-			expected:     true,
+			expected:     detectMatched,
 		},
 		{
 			desc:         "HookEventPullRequestReviewComment(pull_request_review_comment) matches GithubEventPullRequestReviewComment(pull_request_review_comment)",
 			triggedEvent: webhook_module.HookEventPullRequestReviewComment,
 			payload:      &api.PullRequestPayload{Action: api.HookIssueReviewed},
 			yamlOn:       "on:\n  pull_request_review_comment:\n    types: [created]",
-			expected:     true,
+			expected:     detectMatched,
 		},
 		{
 			desc:         "HookEventPullRequestReviewRejected(pull_request_review_rejected) doesn't match GithubEventPullRequestReview(pull_request_review) with `dismissed` activity type (we don't support `dismissed` at present)",
 			triggedEvent: webhook_module.HookEventPullRequestReviewRejected,
 			payload:      &api.PullRequestPayload{Action: api.HookIssueReviewed},
 			yamlOn:       "on:\n  pull_request_review:\n    types: [dismissed]",
-			expected:     false,
+			expected:     detectNotApplicable,
 		},
 		{
 			desc:         "HookEventRelease(release) `published` action matches GithubEventRelease(release) with `published` activity type",
 			triggedEvent: webhook_module.HookEventRelease,
 			payload:      &api.ReleasePayload{Action: api.HookReleasePublished},
 			yamlOn:       "on:\n  release:\n    types: [published]",
-			expected:     true,
+			expected:     detectMatched,
 		},
 		{
 			desc:         "HookEventPackage(package) `created` action doesn't match GithubEventRegistryPackage(registry_package) with `updated` activity type",
 			triggedEvent: webhook_module.HookEventPackage,
 			payload:      &api.PackagePayload{Action: api.HookPackageCreated},
 			yamlOn:       "on:\n  registry_package:\n    types: [updated]",
-			expected:     false,
+			expected:     detectNotApplicable,
 		},
 		{
 			desc:         "HookEventWiki(wiki) matches GithubEventGollum(gollum)",
 			triggedEvent: webhook_module.HookEventWiki,
 			payload:      nil,
 			yamlOn:       "on: gollum",
-			expected:     true,
+			expected:     detectMatched,
 		},
 		{
 			desc:         "HookEventSchedule(schedule) matches GithubEventSchedule(schedule)",
 			triggedEvent: webhook_module.HookEventSchedule,
 			payload:      nil,
 			yamlOn:       "on: schedule",
-			expected:     true,
+			expected:     detectMatched,
 		},
 		{
 			desc:         "push to tag matches workflow with paths condition (should skip paths check)",
@@ -222,7 +222,19 @@ func TestDetectMatched(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			commit:   nil,
 			yamlOn:   "on:\n  push:\n    paths:\n      - src/**",
-			expected: true,
+			expected: detectMatched,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:         "push branch filter excludes -> filtered out",
+			triggedEvent: webhook_module.HookEventPush,
+			payload: &api.PushPayload{
+				Ref:     "refs/heads/feature/x",
+				Before:  "0000000",
+				Commits: []*api.PayloadCommit{{ID: "abc", Added: []string{"a.go"}, Message: "x"}},
+			},
+			commit:   nil,
+			yamlOn:   "on:\n  push:\n    branches: [main]",
+			expected: detectFilteredOut,
 		},
 	}

@@ -231,7 +243,7 @@ func TestDetectMatched(t *testing.T) {
 			evts, err := GetEventsFromContent(fullWorkflowContent(tc.yamlOn))
 			assert.NoError(t, err)
 			assert.Len(t, evts, 1)
-			assert.Equal(t, tc.expected, detectMatched(nil, tc.commit, tc.triggedEvent, tc.payload, evts[0]))
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expected, detectWorkflowMatch(nil, tc.commit, tc.triggedEvent, tc.payload, evts[0]))
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -4,8 +4,14 @@
 package openid

 import (
+	"net/http"
+	"sync"
 	"time"

+	"gitea.dev/modules/hostmatcher"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/proxy"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/setting"
+
 	"github.com/yohcop/openid-go"
 )

@@ -19,11 +25,23 @@ import (
 var (
 	nonceStore     = openid.NewSimpleNonceStore()
 	discoveryCache = newTimedDiscoveryCache(24 * time.Hour)
+
+	// openIDInstance does discovery/verification via an SSRF-protected client, so a user-supplied
+	// OpenID identifier can't reach internal/loopback/reserved addresses. It honors the operator's
+	// [security] ALLOWED_HOST_LIST (empty defaults to "external"), matching the avatar/webhook/migration
+	// clients, and validates the proxy path too. Lazy: reads proxy/settings once.
+	openIDInstance = sync.OnceValue(func() *openid.OpenID {
+		allowList := hostmatcher.ParseHostMatchList("security.ALLOWED_HOST_LIST", setting.Security.AllowedHostList)
+		return openid.NewOpenID(&http.Client{
+			Timeout:   30 * time.Second,
+			Transport: hostmatcher.NewHTTPTransport("openid", allowList, nil, proxy.Proxy(), setting.Proxy.ProxyURLFixed, nil),
+		})
+	})
 )

 // Verify handles response from OpenID provider
 func Verify(fullURL string) (id string, err error) {
-	return openid.Verify(fullURL, discoveryCache, nonceStore)
+	return openIDInstance().Verify(fullURL, discoveryCache, nonceStore)
 }

 // Normalize normalizes an OpenID URI
@@ -33,5 +51,5 @@ func Normalize(url string) (id string, err error) {

 // RedirectURL redirects browser
 func RedirectURL(id, callbackURL, realm string) (string, error) {
-	return openid.RedirectURL(id, callbackURL, realm)
+	return openIDInstance().RedirectURL(id, callbackURL, realm)
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package openid
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestOpenIDDiscoveryBlocksInternalHost(t *testing.T) {
+	var reached atomic.Bool
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		reached.Store(true)
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	// RedirectURL performs server-side discovery of the identifier URL; a loopback URL
+	// must be refused at dial time instead of reaching the internal server
+	_, err := RedirectURL(srv.URL, "http://example.com/callback", "http://example.com/")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.False(t, reached.Load(), "OpenID discovery must not reach an internal/loopback host")
+}
@@ -10,16 +10,22 @@ import (
 	"sync"

 	"gitea.dev/modules/charset"
-	"gitea.dev/modules/container"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/util"
 )

 // CoAuthoredByTrailer is the canonical token for the `Co-authored-by:` git trailer.
 const CoAuthoredByTrailer = "Co-authored-by"

+const (
+	commitIdentityRoleAuthor    = 1
+	commitIdentityRoleCommitter = 2
+	commitIdentityRoleCoAuthor  = 3
+)
+
 type CommitIdentity struct {
 	Name  string
 	Email string
+	role  int
 }

 // CommitMessageTrailerValues keys are all in lower-case
@@ -33,7 +39,9 @@ type CommitMessage struct {

 	trailerValues CommitMessageTrailerValues

-	allParticipants []*CommitIdentity
+	allParticipants      []*CommitIdentity
+	committerCoAuthorIdx int
+	committerCoAuthor    *CommitIdentity
 }

 func (c *CommitMessage) MessageUTF8() string {
@@ -105,29 +113,57 @@ func (c *Commit) AllParticipantIdentities() []*CommitIdentity {
 		return c.allParticipants
 	}

-	exclude := container.Set[string]{}
-	c.allParticipants = append(c.allParticipants, &CommitIdentity{Name: c.Author.Name, Email: c.Author.Email})
-	exclude.Add(strings.ToLower(c.Author.Email))
-
-	addParticipant := func(name, email string) {
+	exclude := map[string]int{}
+	addParticipant := func(name, email string, role int) (existingRole int) {
 		if name == "" && email == "" {
-			return
+			return 0
 		}
 		emailLower := strings.ToLower(email)
-		if emailLower != "" && exclude.Contains(emailLower) {
-			return
+		if existingRole = exclude[emailLower]; emailLower != "" && existingRole != 0 {
+			return existingRole
 		}
-		c.allParticipants = append(c.allParticipants, &CommitIdentity{Name: name, Email: email})
-		exclude.Add(emailLower)
+		c.allParticipants = append(c.allParticipants, &CommitIdentity{Name: name, Email: email, role: role})
+		exclude[emailLower] = role
+		return 0
 	}
-	addParticipant(c.Committer.Name, c.Committer.Email)
+
+	c.committerCoAuthorIdx = -1
+	addParticipant(c.Author.Name, c.Author.Email, commitIdentityRoleAuthor)
+	addParticipant(c.Committer.Name, c.Committer.Email, commitIdentityRoleCommitter)
 	for _, coAuthorValue := range c.MessageTrailer()["co-authored-by"] {
 		addr, err := mail.ParseAddress(coAuthorValue)
+		coAuthorName, coAuthorEmail := coAuthorValue, ""
 		if err == nil {
-			addParticipant(addr.Name, addr.Address)
-		} else {
-			addParticipant(coAuthorValue, "")
+			coAuthorName, coAuthorEmail = addr.Name, addr.Address
+		}
+		existingRole := addParticipant(coAuthorName, coAuthorEmail, commitIdentityRoleCoAuthor)
+		if existingRole == commitIdentityRoleCommitter && c.committerCoAuthorIdx == -1 {
+			c.committerCoAuthorIdx = len(c.allParticipants)
+			c.committerCoAuthor = &CommitIdentity{coAuthorName, coAuthorEmail, commitIdentityRoleCoAuthor}
 		}
 	}
 	return c.allParticipants
 }
+
+// CoAuthorIdentities returns co-author identities defined by "Co-authored-by:" in the git message trailer
+// Only the commit's author is excluded. If committer is declared as co-author, it will be included in the result.
+// * Author & Co-author: they changed the code (attribution)
+// * Committer: they submitted the commit but didn't change the code (e.g.: maintainer signed a commit)
+// So, a committer can also be a co-author if they changed the code.
+func (c *Commit) CoAuthorIdentities() (coAuthors []*CommitIdentity) {
+	all := c.AllParticipantIdentities()
+	if len(all) <= 1 {
+		return nil // no co-author list
+	}
+	if all[1].role != commitIdentityRoleCommitter {
+		return all[1:] // no committer, so all after author are co-authors
+	}
+	if c.committerCoAuthorIdx == -1 {
+		return all[2:] // the committer is not in the co-author list, so just return the co-author list
+	}
+	// the committer is in the co-author list but de-duplicated, so include them as co-author again
+	coAuthors = append(coAuthors, all[2:c.committerCoAuthorIdx]...)
+	coAuthors = append(coAuthors, c.committerCoAuthor)
+	coAuthors = append(coAuthors, all[c.committerCoAuthorIdx:]...)
+	return coAuthors
+}
@@ -47,36 +47,83 @@ func TestCommitMessageTrailer(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestCommitMessageAllParticipantIdentities(t *testing.T) {
+func TestCommitMessageParticipants(t *testing.T) {
 	sig := func(n, e string) *Signature { return &Signature{Name: n, Email: e} }
-	idt := func(n, e string) *CommitIdentity { return &CommitIdentity{Name: n, Email: e} }
-	cases := []struct {
-		commit      *Commit
-		participant []*CommitIdentity
-	}{
-		{
-			&Commit{
-				Author: sig("a", "a@m.com"), Committer: sig("c", "c@m.com"),
-				CommitMessage: CommitMessage{MessageRaw: "CO-Authored-BY: x@m.com"},
-			},
-			[]*CommitIdentity{idt("a", "a@m.com"), idt("c", "c@m.com"), idt("", "x@m.com")},
-		},
-		{
-			&Commit{
-				Author: sig("a", "a@m.com"), Committer: sig("a", "A@M.com"),
-				CommitMessage: CommitMessage{MessageRaw: "CO-Authored-BY: a@m.com"},
-			},
-			[]*CommitIdentity{idt("a", "a@m.com")},
-		},
-		{
-			&Commit{
-				Author: sig("a", "a@m.com"), Committer: sig("", ""),
-				CommitMessage: CommitMessage{MessageRaw: "Co-authored-by: Full Name <X@M.com>"},
-			},
-			[]*CommitIdentity{idt("a", "a@m.com"), idt("Full Name", "X@M.com")},
-		},
-	}
-	for _, c := range cases {
-		assert.Equal(t, c.participant, c.commit.AllParticipantIdentities())
+	idt := func(n, e string, r int) *CommitIdentity { return &CommitIdentity{n, e, r} }
+	roleAuthor, roleCommitter, roleCoAuthor := commitIdentityRoleAuthor, commitIdentityRoleCommitter, commitIdentityRoleCoAuthor
+	type testCase struct {
+		name       string
+		commit     *Commit
+		identities []*CommitIdentity
 	}
+	t.Run("AllParticipants", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cases := []testCase{
+			{
+				"DifferentUsers",
+				&Commit{
+					Author: sig("a", "a@m.com"), Committer: sig("c", "c@m.com"),
+					CommitMessage: CommitMessage{MessageRaw: "CO-Authored-BY: x@m.com"},
+				},
+				[]*CommitIdentity{idt("a", "a@m.com", roleAuthor), idt("c", "c@m.com", roleCommitter), idt("", "x@m.com", roleCoAuthor)},
+			},
+			{
+				"SameUser",
+				&Commit{
+					Author: sig("a", "a@m.com"), Committer: sig("a", "A@M.com"),
+					CommitMessage: CommitMessage{MessageRaw: "CO-Authored-BY: a@m.com"},
+				},
+				[]*CommitIdentity{idt("a", "a@m.com", roleAuthor)},
+			},
+			{
+				"NoCommitter",
+				&Commit{
+					Author: sig("a", "a@m.com"), Committer: sig("", ""),
+					CommitMessage: CommitMessage{MessageRaw: "Co-authored-by: Full Name <X@M.com>"},
+				},
+				[]*CommitIdentity{idt("a", "a@m.com", roleAuthor), idt("Full Name", "X@M.com", roleCoAuthor)},
+			},
+		}
+		for _, c := range cases {
+			assert.Equal(t, c.identities, c.commit.AllParticipantIdentities(), "case: %s", c.name)
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("CoAuthors", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cases := []testCase{
+			{
+				"GenuineCoAuthor",
+				&Commit{
+					Author: sig("a", "a@m.com"), Committer: sig("c", "c@m.com"),
+					CommitMessage: CommitMessage{MessageRaw: "Co-authored-by: x <x@m.com>"},
+				},
+				[]*CommitIdentity{idt("x", "x@m.com", roleCoAuthor)},
+			},
+			{
+				"CoAuthorIsCommitter",
+				&Commit{
+					Author: sig("a", "a@m.com"), Committer: sig("c", "c@m.com"),
+					CommitMessage: CommitMessage{MessageRaw: "Co-authored-by: c <c@m.com>"},
+				},
+				[]*CommitIdentity{idt("c", "c@m.com", roleCoAuthor)},
+			},
+			{
+				"CoAuthorIsAuthor",
+				&Commit{
+					Author: sig("a", "a@m.com"), Committer: sig("c", "c@m.com"),
+					CommitMessage: CommitMessage{MessageRaw: "Co-authored-by: a <a@m.com>"},
+				},
+				[]*CommitIdentity{},
+			},
+			{
+				"CoAuthorCommitterNameWithIndex", // restore the committer co-author to the co-author list by the index with correct name
+				&Commit{
+					Author: sig("a", "a@m.com"), Committer: sig("c", "c@m.com"),
+					CommitMessage: CommitMessage{MessageRaw: "Co-authored-by: x <x@m.com>\nCo-authored-by: c-other <c@m.com>\nCo-authored-by: y <y@m.com>"},
+				},
+				[]*CommitIdentity{idt("x", "x@m.com", roleCoAuthor), idt("c-other", "c@m.com", roleCoAuthor), idt("y", "y@m.com", roleCoAuthor)},
+			},
+		}
+		for _, c := range cases {
+			assert.Equal(t, c.identities, c.commit.CoAuthorIdentities(), "case: %s", c.name)
+		}
+	})
 }
@@ -21,19 +21,6 @@ func TestCommitsCount(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(3), commitsCount)
 }

-func TestCommitsCountWithoutBase(t *testing.T) {
-	bareRepo1 := &mockRepository{path: "repo1_bare"}
-
-	commitsCount, err := CommitsCount(t.Context(), bareRepo1,
-		CommitsCountOptions{
-			Not:      "master",
-			Revision: []string{"branch1"},
-		})
-
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(2), commitsCount)
-}
-
 func TestCommitsCountWithSinceUntil(t *testing.T) {
 	bareRepo1 := &mockRepository{path: "repo1_bare"}
 	revision := []string{"8006ff9adbf0cb94da7dad9e537e53817f9fa5c0"}
@@ -65,6 +52,19 @@ func TestCommitsCountWithSinceUntil(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestCommitsCountWithoutBase(t *testing.T) {
+	bareRepo1 := &mockRepository{path: "repo1_bare"}
+
+	commitsCount, err := CommitsCount(t.Context(), bareRepo1,
+		CommitsCountOptions{
+			Not:      "master",
+			Revision: []string{"branch1"},
+		})
+
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(2), commitsCount)
+}
+
 func TestGetLatestCommitTime(t *testing.T) {
 	bareRepo1 := &mockRepository{path: "repo1_bare"}
 	lct, err := GetLatestCommitTime(t.Context(), bareRepo1)
@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@ package hostmatcher

 import (
 	"context"
+	"crypto/tls"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
+	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
@@ -63,3 +65,17 @@ func NewDialContext(usage string, allowList, blockList *HostMatchList, proxy *ur
 		return dialer.DialContext(ctx, network, addrOrHost)
 	}
 }
+
+// NewHTTPTransport builds an http.Transport that validates the request target against the allow/block
+// lists on the direct-dial path (DialContext). When an HTTP proxy is configured the proxy resolves and
+// dials the target itself, so restricting the proxied target is the proxy server's responsibility, not
+// Gitea's. proxyFunc selects the proxy URL per request (the http.Transport.Proxy selector, e.g.
+// proxy.Proxy()); proxyURLFixed is the fixed proxy address the dialer must always permit; tlsConfig may
+// be nil. blockList may be nil for callers that only maintain an allow-list.
+func NewHTTPTransport(usage string, allowList, blockList *HostMatchList, proxyFunc func(*http.Request) (*url.URL, error), proxyURLFixed *url.URL, tlsConfig *tls.Config) *http.Transport {
+	return &http.Transport{
+		TLSClientConfig: tlsConfig,
+		Proxy:           proxyFunc,
+		DialContext:     NewDialContext(usage, allowList, blockList, proxyURLFixed),
+	}
+}
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"

+	"gitea.dev/modules/packages"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/util"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/validation"

@@ -46,6 +47,11 @@ var (
 	namePattern = regexp.MustCompile(`\A[a-zA-Z0-9@._+-]+\z`)
 	// (epoch:pkgver-pkgrel)
 	versionPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`\A(?:\d:)?[\w.+~]+(?:-[-\w.+~]+)?\z`)
+
+	// caps on the accumulated package file list (vars so tests can lower them); far above
+	// any legitimate package, but low enough to stop metadata amplification
+	maxFileEntries   = 100000
+	maxFileNameBytes = 16 * 1024 * 1024
 )

 type Package struct {
@@ -124,7 +130,7 @@ func ParsePackage(r io.Reader) (*Package, error) {
 	}

 	var p *Package
-	files := make([]string, 0, 10)
+	files := packages.NewBoundedFileList(maxFileEntries, maxFileNameBytes)

 	tr := tar.NewReader(inner)
 	for {
@@ -147,7 +153,9 @@ func ParsePackage(r io.Reader) (*Package, error) {
 				return nil, err
 			}
 		} else if !strings.HasPrefix(filename, ".") {
-			files = append(files, hd.Name)
+			if err := files.Add(hd.Name); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
 		}
 	}

@@ -155,7 +163,7 @@ func ParsePackage(r io.Reader) (*Package, error) {
 		return nil, ErrMissingPKGINFOFile
 	}

-	p.FileMetadata.Files = files
+	p.FileMetadata.Files = files.Files()
 	p.FileCompressionExtension = compressionType

 	return p, nil
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"testing"

+	"gitea.dev/modules/test"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/util"
+
 	"github.com/klauspost/compress/zstd"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/ulikunitz/xz"
@@ -167,3 +170,25 @@ func TestParsePackageInfo(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{"usr/bin/paket1"}, p.FileMetadata.Backup)
 	})
 }
+
+// TestParsePackageTooManyFiles ensures the accumulated file list is bounded to prevent
+// metadata amplification from a package with a huge number of (tiny) file entries.
+func TestParsePackageTooManyFiles(t *testing.T) {
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&maxFileEntries, 3)()
+	buf := test.WriteTarCompression(func(w io.Writer) io.WriteCloser { return gzip.NewWriter(w) }, map[string]string{
+		"file1":    "content1",
+		".PKGINFO": string(createPKGINFOContent(packageName, packageVersion)),
+	})
+	_, err := ParsePackage(buf)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	buf = test.WriteTarCompression(func(w io.Writer) io.WriteCloser { return gzip.NewWriter(w) }, map[string]string{
+		"file1":    "content1",
+		"file2":    "content2",
+		"file3":    "content3",
+		"file4":    "content4",
+		".PKGINFO": string(createPKGINFOContent(packageName, packageVersion)),
+	})
+	_, err = ParsePackage(buf)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, util.ErrInvalidArgument)
+}
@@ -135,7 +135,10 @@ func ParsePackage(r io.Reader) (*Package, error) {
 				return nil, GlobalVars().ErrUnsupportedCompression
 			}

-			tr := tar.NewReader(inner)
+			// bound the decompressed control archive: it holds only the small control file
+			// and maintainer scripts, so a much larger stream is a decompression bomb
+			const maxControlTarSize = 32 * 1024 * 1024
+			tr := tar.NewReader(io.LimitReader(inner, maxControlTarSize))
 			for {
 				hd, err := tr.Next()
 				if err == io.EOF {
@@ -168,6 +171,7 @@ func ParseControlFile(r io.Reader) (*Package, error) {
 	key := ""
 	var depends strings.Builder
 	var control strings.Builder
+	var description strings.Builder

 	// https://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-controlfields.html#syntax-of-control-files
 	s := bufio.NewScanner(r)
@@ -189,10 +193,13 @@ func ParseControlFile(r io.Reader) (*Package, error) {
 		control.WriteString(line)
 		control.WriteByte('\n')

+		// a leading space or tab marks a folded continuation line that belongs to the previous field
+		// (identified by key), not a new "Key: value" pair; only the multi-line fields append here.
+		// Continuation lines may themselves contain a colon, so they must not be re-split on ":".
 		if line[0] == ' ' || line[0] == '\t' {
 			switch key {
 			case "Description":
-				p.Metadata.Description += line
+				description.WriteString(line)
 			case "Depends":
 				depends.WriteString(trimmed)
 			}
@@ -219,7 +226,8 @@ func ParseControlFile(r io.Reader) (*Package, error) {
 					p.Metadata.Maintainer = a.Name
 				}
 			case "Description":
-				p.Metadata.Description = value
+				description.Reset()
+				description.WriteString(value)
 			case "Depends":
 				depends.WriteString(value)
 			case "Homepage":
@@ -243,6 +251,8 @@ func ParseControlFile(r io.Reader) (*Package, error) {
 		return nil, GlobalVars().ErrInvalidArchitecture
 	}

+	p.Metadata.Description = description.String()
+
 	dependencies := strings.Split(depends.String(), ",")
 	for i := range dependencies {
 		dependencies[i] = strings.TrimSpace(dependencies[i])
@@ -232,3 +232,15 @@ func TestValidateDistributionOrComponent(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.True(t, IsValidDistributionOrComponent(name), "good=%q", name)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestParseControlFileMultilineDescription verifies a multi-line Description is assembled in order
+// (the parser accumulates it in a strings.Builder); it guards the assembled value, not its timing.
+func TestParseControlFileMultilineDescription(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	buf.WriteString("Package: testpkg\nVersion: 1.0\nArchitecture: amd64\nDescription: short summary\n more details\n even more\n")
+
+	p, err := ParseControlFile(&buf)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, p)
+	assert.Equal(t, "short summary more details even more", p.Metadata.Description)
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package packages
+
+import "gitea.dev/modules/util"
+
+// BoundedFileList accumulates file names from a package archive while enforcing caps on the number of
+// entries and their total name length, returning an error once either cap would be exceeded.
+type BoundedFileList struct {
+	files     []string
+	nameBytes int
+	maxFiles  int
+	maxBytes  int
+}
+
+// NewBoundedFileList creates a BoundedFileList with the given caps; a non-positive cap falls back to the
+// corresponding default.
+func NewBoundedFileList(maxFiles, maxNameBytes int) *BoundedFileList {
+	return &BoundedFileList{maxFiles: maxFiles, maxBytes: maxNameBytes}
+}
+
+// Add appends name, returning util.ErrInvalidArgument once the entry count or accumulated byte length
+// would exceed the configured cap.
+func (b *BoundedFileList) Add(name string) error {
+	if len(b.files) >= b.maxFiles || b.nameBytes+len(name) > b.maxBytes {
+		return util.NewInvalidArgumentErrorf("package contains too many file entries")
+	}
+	b.nameBytes += len(name)
+	b.files = append(b.files, name)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Files returns the accumulated file names.
+func (b *BoundedFileList) Files() []string {
+	return b.files
+}
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -53,12 +54,37 @@ func dialContextInternalAPI(ctx context.Context, network, address string) (conn
 	return conn, nil
 }

+// internalAPIConnectionIsLocal reports whether the internal API transport connects to a local target,
+// where the self-signed local certificate cannot be verified so skipping verification is safe. It mirrors
+// what dialContextInternalAPI actually dials: a unix socket whenever Protocol is HTTPUnix (always local,
+// whatever LOCAL_ROOT_URL says), otherwise the LOCAL_ROOT_URL host directly. A non-loopback LOCAL_ROOT_URL
+// is a real network hop, so its certificate must be verified, else the internal token can be MITM'd. An
+// unparseable LOCAL_ROOT_URL is a hard misconfiguration and fails closed (verify).
+func internalAPIConnectionIsLocal(protocol setting.Scheme, localURL string) bool {
+	if protocol == setting.HTTPUnix {
+		return true
+	}
+	u, err := url.Parse(localURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	host := u.Hostname()
+	if host == "localhost" {
+		return true
+	}
+	ip := net.ParseIP(host)
+	return ip != nil && ip.IsLoopback()
+}
+
 var internalAPITransport = sync.OnceValue(func() http.RoundTripper {
 	return &http.Transport{
 		DialContext: dialContextInternalAPI,
 		TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{
-			InsecureSkipVerify: true,
-			ServerName:         setting.Domain,
+			// Skip verification only for a local target (unix socket, or a loopback LOCAL_ROOT_URL), where the
+			// self-signed local cert can't be verified anyway; a non-loopback LOCAL_ROOT_URL is a real network
+			// hop and must be verified so the internal token can't be MITM'd. When verifying, Go's default
+			// ServerName (the dialed LOCAL_ROOT_URL host) is already correct, so it is not overridden.
+			InsecureSkipVerify: internalAPIConnectionIsLocal(setting.Protocol, setting.LocalURL),
 		},
 	}
 })
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package private
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"gitea.dev/modules/setting"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestInternalAPIConnectionIsLocal(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name     string
+		protocol setting.Scheme
+		localURL string
+		want     bool
+	}{
+		// HTTPUnix always dials the unix socket (a local target), whatever LOCAL_ROOT_URL says
+		{"unix socket", setting.HTTPUnix, "https://gitea.example.com/", true},
+		{"localhost", setting.HTTP, "http://localhost:3000/", true},
+		{"loopback ipv4", setting.HTTPS, "https://127.0.0.1:3000/", true},
+		{"loopback ipv6", setting.HTTPS, "https://[::1]:3000/", true},
+		// a non-loopback LOCAL_ROOT_URL is a real network hop and must be verified
+		{"remote host", setting.HTTPS, "https://gitea.internal:443/", false},
+		{"remote ip", setting.HTTPS, "https://10.0.0.5:3000/", false},
+		// an unparseable LOCAL_ROOT_URL is a hard misconfiguration; fail closed to verification
+		{"invalid url", setting.HTTPS, "://bad", false},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, c.want, internalAPIConnectionIsLocal(c.protocol, c.localURL))
+		})
+	}
+}
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ import (

 const defaultMaxRerunAttempts = 50

+const defaultMaxConcurrentTaskPicks = 16
+
 // Actions settings
 var (
 	Actions = struct {
@@ -31,13 +33,18 @@ var (
 		WorkflowDirs          []string          `ini:"WORKFLOW_DIRS"`
 		ScopedWorkflowDirs    []string          `ini:"SCOPED_WORKFLOW_DIRS"`
 		MaxRerunAttempts      int64             `ini:"MAX_RERUN_ATTEMPTS"`
+		// MaxConcurrentTaskPicks bounds how many runners may run the task-assignment
+		// transaction at once per Gitea instance, to avoid a thundering herd when many
+		// runners poll together. It is a per-process limit, not a cluster-wide one.
+		MaxConcurrentTaskPicks int `ini:"MAX_CONCURRENT_TASK_PICKS"`
 	}{
-		Enabled:             true,
-		DefaultActionsURL:   defaultActionsURLGitHub,
-		SkipWorkflowStrings: []string{"[skip ci]", "[ci skip]", "[no ci]", "[skip actions]", "[actions skip]"},
-		WorkflowDirs:        []string{".gitea/workflows", ".github/workflows"},
-		ScopedWorkflowDirs:  []string{".gitea/scoped_workflows"},
-		MaxRerunAttempts:    defaultMaxRerunAttempts,
+		Enabled:                true,
+		DefaultActionsURL:      defaultActionsURLGitHub,
+		SkipWorkflowStrings:    []string{"[skip ci]", "[ci skip]", "[no ci]", "[skip actions]", "[actions skip]"},
+		WorkflowDirs:           []string{".gitea/workflows", ".github/workflows"},
+		ScopedWorkflowDirs:     []string{".gitea/scoped_workflows"},
+		MaxRerunAttempts:       defaultMaxRerunAttempts,
+		MaxConcurrentTaskPicks: defaultMaxConcurrentTaskPicks,
 	}
 )

@@ -128,6 +135,10 @@ func loadActionsFrom(rootCfg ConfigProvider) error {
 		Actions.MaxRerunAttempts = defaultMaxRerunAttempts
 	}

+	if Actions.MaxConcurrentTaskPicks <= 0 {
+		Actions.MaxConcurrentTaskPicks = defaultMaxConcurrentTaskPicks
+	}
+
 	if !Actions.LogCompression.IsValid() {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid [actions] LOG_COMPRESSION: %q", Actions.LogCompression)
 	}
@@ -20,9 +20,11 @@ var Security = struct {
 	XContentTypeOptions string

 	ContentSecurityPolicyGeneral string // it only supports empty (default policy) or "unset", maybe it can support more in the future
+	AllowedHostList              string
 }{
 	XFrameOptions:       "SAMEORIGIN",
 	XContentTypeOptions: "nosniff",
+	AllowedHostList:     "external",
 }

 var (
@@ -10,13 +10,20 @@ import (
 )

 func TestLoadSecurityFrom(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, "SAMEORIGIN", Security.XFrameOptions)
+	assert.Equal(t, "nosniff", Security.XContentTypeOptions)
+	assert.Equal(t, "external", Security.AllowedHostList)
+
 	cfg, err := NewConfigProviderFromData(`[security]
 X_FRAME_OPTIONS = DENY
 X_CONTENT_TYPE_OPTIONS = unset
-CONTENT_SECURITY_POLICY_GENERAL = "script-src *; foo"`)
+ALLOWED_HOST_LIST = foo
+CONTENT_SECURITY_POLICY_GENERAL = "script-src *; foo"
+`)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	loadSecurityFrom(cfg)
 	assert.Equal(t, "DENY", Security.XFrameOptions)
 	assert.Equal(t, "unset", Security.XContentTypeOptions)
+	assert.Equal(t, "foo", Security.AllowedHostList)
 	assert.Equal(t, `"script-src *`, Security.ContentSecurityPolicyGeneral) // holy shit ini package bug
 }
@@ -34,7 +34,10 @@ func loadWebhookFrom(rootCfg ConfigProvider) {
 	Webhook.QueueLength = sec.Key("QUEUE_LENGTH").MustInt(1000)
 	Webhook.DeliverTimeout = sec.Key("DELIVER_TIMEOUT").MustInt(5)
 	Webhook.SkipTLSVerify = sec.Key("SKIP_TLS_VERIFY").MustBool()
-	Webhook.AllowedHostList = sec.Key("ALLOWED_HOST_LIST").MustString("")
+
+	deprecatedSetting(rootCfg, "webhook", "ALLOWED_HOST_LIST", "security", "ALLOWED_HOST_LIST", "v28.0.0")
+	Webhook.AllowedHostList = sec.Key("ALLOWED_HOST_LIST").MustString(Security.AllowedHostList)
+
 	Webhook.Types = []string{"gitea", "gogs", "slack", "discord", "dingtalk", "telegram", "msteams", "feishu", "matrix", "wechatwork", "packagist"}
 	Webhook.PagingNum = sec.Key("PAGING_NUM").MustInt(10)
 	Webhook.ProxyURL = sec.Key("PROXY_URL").MustString("")
@@ -73,17 +73,18 @@ func TestInitKeys(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, keyFiles, len(keyTypes))

-	metadata := map[string]os.FileInfo{}
+	// Record file contents so regeneration can be detected
+	content := map[string][]byte{}
 	for _, keyType := range keyTypes {
 		privKeyPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "gitea."+keyType)
 		pubKeyPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "gitea."+keyType+".pub")
-		info, err := os.Stat(privKeyPath)
+		data, err := os.ReadFile(privKeyPath)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		metadata[privKeyPath] = info
+		content[privKeyPath] = data

-		info, err = os.Stat(pubKeyPath)
+		data, err = os.ReadFile(pubKeyPath)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		metadata[pubKeyPath] = info
+		content[pubKeyPath] = data
 	}

 	// Test recreation on missing private key and noop for missing pub key
@@ -98,26 +99,26 @@ func TestInitKeys(t *testing.T) {
 		privKeyPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "gitea."+keyType)
 		pubKeyPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "gitea."+keyType+".pub")

-		infoPriv, err := os.Stat(privKeyPath)
+		dataPriv, err := os.ReadFile(privKeyPath)
 		require.NoError(t, err)

 		switch keyType {
 		case "rsa":
 			// No modification to RSA key
-			infoPub, err := os.Stat(pubKeyPath)
+			dataPub, err := os.ReadFile(pubKeyPath)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
-			assert.Equal(t, metadata[privKeyPath], infoPriv)
-			assert.Equal(t, metadata[pubKeyPath], infoPub)
+			assert.Equal(t, content[privKeyPath], dataPriv)
+			assert.Equal(t, content[pubKeyPath], dataPub)
 		case "ecdsa":
 			// ECDSA public key should be missing, private unchanged
-			assert.Equal(t, metadata[privKeyPath], infoPriv)
+			assert.Equal(t, content[privKeyPath], dataPriv)
 			assert.NoFileExists(t, pubKeyPath)
 		case "ed25519":
 			// ed25519 private key was removed, so both keys regenerated
-			infoPub, err := os.Stat(pubKeyPath)
+			dataPub, err := os.ReadFile(pubKeyPath)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
-			assert.NotEqual(t, metadata[privKeyPath], infoPriv)
-			assert.NotEqual(t, metadata[pubKeyPath], infoPub)
+			assert.NotEqual(t, content[privKeyPath], dataPriv)
+			assert.NotEqual(t, content[pubKeyPath], dataPub)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package storage
 import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/tls"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
@@ -47,40 +48,42 @@ type MinioStorage struct {
 	basePath string
 }

-func convertMinioErr(err error) error {
+func convertMinioErr(err error, optMsg ...string) error {
 	if err == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	errResp, ok := err.(minio.ErrorResponse)
+
+	wrapErr := func(err error) error {
+		if len(optMsg) == 0 {
+			return err
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", optMsg[0], err)
+	}
+
+	errResp, ok := errors.AsType[minio.ErrorResponse](err)
 	if !ok {
-		return err
+		return wrapErr(err)
 	}

 	// Convert two responses to standard analogues
 	switch errResp.Code {
 	case "NoSuchKey":
-		return os.ErrNotExist
+		return wrapErr(os.ErrNotExist)
 	case "AccessDenied":
-		return os.ErrPermission
+		return wrapErr(os.ErrPermission)
 	}

-	return err
-}
-
-var getBucketVersioning = func(ctx context.Context, minioClient *minio.Client, bucket string) error {
-	_, err := minioClient.GetBucketVersioning(ctx, bucket)
-	return err
+	return wrapErr(err)
 }

 // NewMinioStorage returns a minio storage
 func NewMinioStorage(ctx context.Context, cfg *setting.Storage) (ObjectStorage, error) {
 	config := cfg.MinioConfig
+	log.Info("Creating minio storage at %s:%s with base path %s", config.Endpoint, config.Bucket, config.BasePath)
 	if config.ChecksumAlgorithm != "" && config.ChecksumAlgorithm != "default" && config.ChecksumAlgorithm != "md5" {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid minio checksum algorithm: %s", config.ChecksumAlgorithm)
 	}

-	log.Info("Creating Minio storage at %s:%s with base path %s", config.Endpoint, config.Bucket, config.BasePath)
-
 	var lookup minio.BucketLookupType
 	switch config.BucketLookUpType {
 	case "auto", "":
@@ -93,6 +96,13 @@ func NewMinioStorage(ctx context.Context, cfg *setting.Storage) (ObjectStorage,
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid minio bucket lookup type: %s", config.BucketLookUpType)
 	}

+	// The request error message is something like:
+	// * "The request signature we calculated does not match the signature you provided. Check your key and signing method."
+	// It doesn't contain useful information to site admin, so here we wrap the error with our error message
+	// to tell the site admin what is the problem.
+	makeErrMsg := func(hint string) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("ObjectStorage.%s: endpoint=%s, location=%s, bucket=%s", hint, config.Endpoint, config.Location, config.Bucket)
+	}
 	minioClient, err := minio.New(config.Endpoint, &minio.Options{
 		Creds:        buildMinioCredentials(config),
 		Secure:       config.UseSSL,
@@ -101,37 +111,21 @@ func NewMinioStorage(ctx context.Context, cfg *setting.Storage) (ObjectStorage,
 		BucketLookup: lookup,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, convertMinioErr(err)
-	}
-
-	// The GetBucketVersioning is only used for checking whether the Object Storage parameters are generally good. It doesn't need to succeed.
-	// The assumption is that if the API returns the HTTP code 400, then the parameters could be incorrect.
-	// Otherwise even if the request itself fails (403, 404, etc), the code should still continue because the parameters seem "good" enough.
-	// Keep in mind that GetBucketVersioning requires "owner" to really succeed, so it can't be used to check the existence.
-	// Not using "BucketExists (HeadBucket)" because it doesn't include detailed failure reasons.
-	err = getBucketVersioning(ctx, minioClient, config.Bucket)
-	if err != nil {
-		errResp, ok := err.(minio.ErrorResponse)
-		if !ok {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		if errResp.StatusCode == http.StatusBadRequest {
-			log.Error("S3 storage connection failure at %s:%s with base path %s and region: %s", config.Endpoint, config.Bucket, config.Location, errResp.Message)
-			return nil, err
-		}
+		return nil, convertMinioErr(err, makeErrMsg("NewClient"))
 	}

 	// Check to see if we already own this bucket
 	exists, err := minioClient.BucketExists(ctx, config.Bucket)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, convertMinioErr(err)
+		return nil, convertMinioErr(err, makeErrMsg("BucketExists"))
 	}

+	// If the bucket doesn't exist, try to create one
 	if !exists {
 		if err := minioClient.MakeBucket(ctx, config.Bucket, minio.MakeBucketOptions{
 			Region: config.Location,
 		}); err != nil {
-			return nil, convertMinioErr(err)
+			return nil, convertMinioErr(err, makeErrMsg("MakeBucket"))
 		}
 	}

@@ -4,16 +4,13 @@
 package storage

 import (
-	"context"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
-	"os"
 	"testing"

 	"gitea.dev/modules/setting"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/test"

-	"github.com/minio/minio-go/v7"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )

@@ -84,31 +81,18 @@ func TestMinioStoragePath(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestS3StorageBadRequest(t *testing.T) {
-	if os.Getenv("CI") == "" {
-		t.Skip("S3Storage not present outside of CI")
-		return
-	}
+	endpoint := test.ExternalServiceHTTP(t, "TEST_MINIO_ENDPOINT", "minio:9000")
 	cfg := &setting.Storage{
 		MinioConfig: setting.MinioStorageConfig{
-			Endpoint:        "minio:9000",
+			Endpoint:        endpoint,
 			AccessKeyID:     "123456",
-			SecretAccessKey: "12345678",
+			SecretAccessKey: "invalid-secret",
 			Bucket:          "bucket",
 			Location:        "us-east-1",
 		},
 	}
-	message := "ERROR"
-	old := getBucketVersioning
-	defer func() { getBucketVersioning = old }()
-	getBucketVersioning = func(ctx context.Context, minioClient *minio.Client, bucket string) error {
-		return minio.ErrorResponse{
-			StatusCode: http.StatusBadRequest,
-			Code:       "FixtureError",
-			Message:    message,
-		}
-	}
 	_, err := NewStorage(setting.MinioStorageType, cfg)
-	assert.ErrorContains(t, err, message)
+	assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "ObjectStorage.BucketExists: endpoint="+endpoint)
 }

 func TestMinioCredentials(t *testing.T) {
@@ -92,9 +92,12 @@ func TestTemplateEscape(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	t.Run("Golang URL Escape", func(t *testing.T) {
-		// Golang template considers "href", "*src*", "*uri*", "*url*" (and more) ... attributes as contentTypeURL and does auto-escaping
+		// HINT: GOLANG-HTML-TEMPLATE-URL-ESCAPING: demo cases (html/template/attr.go):
+		// Golang template considers "href", "data-href", "*src*", "*uri*", "*url*" (and more) ... attributes as contentTypeURL and does auto-escaping
 		actual := execTmpl(`<a href="?a={{"%"}}"></a>`)
 		assert.Equal(t, `<a href="?a=%25"></a>`, actual)
+		actual = execTmpl(`<a data-href="?a={{"%"}}"></a>`)
+		assert.Equal(t, `<a data-href="?a=%25"></a>`, actual)
 		actual = execTmpl(`<a data-xxx-url="?a={{"%"}}"></a>`)
 		assert.Equal(t, `<a data-xxx-url="?a=%25"></a>`, actual)
 	})
@@ -102,6 +105,10 @@ func TestTemplateEscape(t *testing.T) {
 		// non-URL content isn't auto-escaped
 		actual := execTmpl(`<a data-link="?a={{"%"}}"></a>`)
 		assert.Equal(t, `<a data-link="?a=%"></a>`, actual)
+		// the attr names like "data-href" and "data-action" are treated as URL (as the "data-" prefix is stripped)
+		// but "data-xxx-href" and "data-xxx-action" are not, so no escaping.
+		actual = execTmpl(`<a data-xxx-href="?a={{"%"}}"></a>`)
+		assert.Equal(t, `<a data-xxx-href="?a=%"></a>`, actual)
 	})
 	t.Run("QueryBuild", func(t *testing.T) {
 		actual := execTmpl(`<a href="{{QueryBuild "?" "a" "%"}}"></a>`)
@@ -12,9 +12,20 @@ import (
 	"strings"

 	"gitea.dev/modules/json"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/proxy"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/setting"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/util"
 )

+// httpClient returns an HTTP client that honors Gitea's proxy configuration.
+var httpClient = util.OnceValue[*http.Client]{
+	Func: func() *http.Client {
+		transport := http.DefaultTransport.(*http.Transport).Clone()
+		transport.Proxy = proxy.Proxy()
+		return &http.Client{Transport: transport}
+	},
+}
+
 // Response is the structure of JSON returned from API
 type Response struct {
 	Success     bool        `json:"success"`
@@ -40,7 +51,7 @@ func Verify(ctx context.Context, response string) (bool, error) {
 	}
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")

-	resp, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
+	resp, err := httpClient.Value().Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, fmt.Errorf("Failed to send CAPTCHA response: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package turnstile
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/url"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gitea.dev/modules/setting"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/test"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestHTTPClientHonorsProxy(t *testing.T) {
+	proxyURL, err := url.Parse("http://proxy.example.com:3128")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&setting.Proxy.Enabled, true)()
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&setting.Proxy.ProxyURL, proxyURL.String())()
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&setting.Proxy.ProxyURLFixed, proxyURL)()
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&setting.Proxy.ProxyHosts, []string{"**"})()
+	httpClient.Reset()
+	transport, ok := httpClient.Value().Transport.(*http.Transport)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.NotNil(t, transport.Proxy)
+
+	// The Turnstile verification request must be routed through the configured proxy.
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "https://any.example.com", nil)
+	got, err := transport.Proxy(req)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, got)
+	assert.Equal(t, proxyURL.String(), got.String())
+}
@@ -23,13 +23,21 @@ func (e ErrURISchemeNotSupported) Error() string {

 // Open open a local file or a remote file
 func Open(uriStr string) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
+	return OpenWithClient(uriStr, http.DefaultClient)
+}
+
+// OpenWithClient opens a local file or a remote file, using the given (non-nil) HTTP client
+// for http/https URLs. Callers that must confine remote access (e.g. to defeat SSRF via
+// redirects) should pass a client whose transport validates the peer at dial time; Open
+// passes http.DefaultClient.
+func OpenWithClient(uriStr string, client *http.Client) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
 	u, err := url.Parse(uriStr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	switch strings.ToLower(u.Scheme) {
 	case "http", "https":
-		f, err := http.Get(uriStr)
+		f, err := client.Get(uriStr)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -4,10 +4,18 @@
 package uri

 import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func TestReadURI(t *testing.T) {
@@ -17,3 +25,45 @@ func TestReadURI(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	defer f.Close()
 }
+
+// TestOpenWithClientValidatesRedirectTarget verifies OpenWithClient routes the
+// whole request chain (including redirects) through the provided client, so a
+// client whose transport refuses to dial an internal target blocks a redirect to
+// it — whereas the default client (old Open behavior) follows it.
+func TestOpenWithClientValidatesRedirectTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	var internalHit atomic.Bool
+	internal := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		internalHit.Store(true)
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte("secret"))
+	}))
+	defer internal.Close()
+
+	front := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		http.Redirect(w, r, internal.URL, http.StatusFound)
+	}))
+	defer front.Close()
+
+	internalAddr := strings.TrimPrefix(internal.URL, "http://")
+
+	// a client that refuses to dial the internal target, mimicking the migration
+	// hostmatcher dialer that re-validates every hop
+	blockingClient := &http.Client{Transport: &http.Transport{
+		DialContext: func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
+			if addr == internalAddr {
+				return nil, errors.New("blocked internal address")
+			}
+			return (&net.Dialer{}).DialContext(ctx, network, addr)
+		},
+	}}
+
+	_, err := OpenWithClient(front.URL, blockingClient)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.False(t, internalHit.Load(), "the redirect target must not be reached through the validating client")
+
+	// the default client (the previous behavior) follows the redirect to the internal target
+	internalHit.Store(false)
+	rc, err := Open(front.URL)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_ = rc.Close()
+	assert.True(t, internalHit.Load(), "sanity check: the default client follows the redirect")
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package util
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+)
+
+type onceValueResult[T any] struct {
+	value T
+	panic any
+}
+
+// OnceValue is similar to Golang's "sync.OnceValue", but can be reset.
+type OnceValue[T any] struct {
+	Func func() T
+	mu   sync.Mutex
+	res  atomic.Pointer[onceValueResult[T]]
+}
+
+func (o *OnceValue[T]) Value() T {
+	res := o.res.Load()
+	if res == nil {
+		o.mu.Lock()
+		defer o.mu.Unlock()
+		res = o.res.Load()
+		if res == nil {
+			res = &onceValueResult[T]{}
+			defer func() {
+				res.panic = recover()
+				o.res.Store(res)
+				if res.panic != nil {
+					panic(res.panic)
+				}
+			}()
+			res.value = o.Func()
+		}
+	}
+	if res.panic != nil {
+		panic(res.panic)
+	}
+	return res.value
+}
+
+func (o *OnceValue[T]) Reset() {
+	o.mu.Lock()
+	defer o.mu.Unlock()
+	o.res.Store(nil)
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package util
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestOnceValue(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("RepeatCall", func(t *testing.T) {
+		callCount := 0
+		o := OnceValue[int]{Func: func() int {
+			callCount++
+			return 42
+		}}
+		assert.Equal(t, 42, o.Value())
+		assert.Equal(t, 42, o.Value())
+		assert.Equal(t, 1, callCount)
+		o.Reset()
+		assert.Equal(t, 42, o.Value())
+		assert.Equal(t, 2, callCount)
+		assert.Equal(t, 42, o.Value())
+		assert.Equal(t, 2, callCount)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Panic", func(t *testing.T) {
+		callCount := 0
+		doPanic := true
+		o := OnceValue[int]{Func: func() int {
+			callCount++
+			if doPanic {
+				panic("some error")
+			}
+			return 42
+		}}
+		assert.PanicsWithValue(t, "some error", func() { o.Value() })
+		assert.PanicsWithValue(t, "some error", func() { o.Value() })
+		assert.Equal(t, 1, callCount)
+		doPanic = false
+		o.Reset()
+		assert.Equal(t, 42, o.Value())
+		assert.Equal(t, 2, callCount)
+		assert.Equal(t, 42, o.Value())
+		assert.Equal(t, 2, callCount)
+	})
+}
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ var timeStrGlobalVars = sync.OnceValue(func() *timeStrGlobalVarsType {
 })

 func TimeEstimateParse(timeStr string) (int64, error) {
+	timeStr = strings.TrimSpace(timeStr)
 	if timeStr == "" {
 		return 0, nil
 	}
@@ -51,7 +52,13 @@ func TimeEstimateParse(timeStr string) (int64, error) {
 	if matches[0][0] != 0 || matches[len(matches)-1][1] != len(timeStr) {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid time string: %s", timeStr)
 	}
+	prevEnd := 0
 	for _, match := range matches {
+		// only whitespace may separate two units, otherwise the string contains invalid content like "1h x 2m"
+		if strings.TrimSpace(timeStr[prevEnd:match[0]]) != "" {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid time string: %s", timeStr)
+		}
+		prevEnd = match[1]
 		amount, err := strconv.ParseInt(timeStr[match[2]:match[3]], 10, 64)
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid time string: %v", err)
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ func TestTimeStr(t *testing.T) {
 			{"1s", 1, false},
 			{"1h 1m 1s", 3600 + 60 + 1, false},
 			{"1d1x", 0, true},
+			{"1h 2x 3m", 0, true},
+			{"1h_2m", 0, true},
+			{"1h,1m", 0, true},
 		}
 		for _, test := range tests {
 			t.Run(test.input, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -12,6 +12,24 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/text/language"
 )

+// maxAcceptLanguageLen bounds the Accept-Language header before it reaches
+// language.ParseAcceptLanguage. That parser has quadratic-time behavior on long
+// malformed inputs, and its built-in guard only counts "-" separators while the
+// scanner treats "_" as an alias for "-", so a "_"-heavy header slips past the
+// guard and burns CPU. Only the leading (highest-priority) languages are used, so
+// truncating a longer header is safe.
+const maxAcceptLanguageLen = 200
+
+// parseAcceptLanguage parses the Accept-Language header after bounding its length
+// to avoid a quadratic-time DoS on attacker-controlled input.
+func parseAcceptLanguage(header string) []language.Tag {
+	if len(header) > maxAcceptLanguageLen {
+		header = header[:maxAcceptLanguageLen]
+	}
+	tags, _, _ := language.ParseAcceptLanguage(header)
+	return tags
+}
+
 // Locale handle locale
 func Locale(resp http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) translation.Locale {
 	// 1. Check URL arguments.
@@ -35,7 +53,7 @@ func Locale(resp http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) translation.Locale {
 	// 3. Get language information from 'Accept-Language'.
 	// The first element in the list is chosen to be the default language automatically.
 	if len(lang) == 0 {
-		tags, _, _ := language.ParseAcceptLanguage(req.Header.Get("Accept-Language"))
+		tags := parseAcceptLanguage(req.Header.Get("Accept-Language"))
 		tag := translation.Match(tags...)
 		lang = tag.String()
 	}
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package middleware
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestParseAcceptLanguage(t *testing.T) {
+	// a normal header is parsed and its leading language preserved
+	tags := parseAcceptLanguage("de-DE,de;q=0.9,en;q=0.8")
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, tags)
+	assert.Equal(t, "de-DE", tags[0].String())
+
+	// an oversized "_"-separated header would drive ParseAcceptLanguage into its
+	// quadratic-time path (the built-in guard only counts "-"); the length bound
+	// keeps the input passed to the parser small so it cannot be used for a DoS.
+	malicious := strings.Repeat("_aaaaaaaaa", 1<<16) // ~640 KiB, zero "-" characters
+	assert.Greater(t, len(malicious), maxAcceptLanguageLen)
+	tags = parseAcceptLanguage(malicious)
+	// no panic / hang, and nothing meaningful is parsed out of the garbage
+	assert.Empty(t, tags)
+}
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/subtle"
 	"errors"
 	"strings"
+	"time"

 	actions_model "gitea.dev/models/actions"
 	auth_model "gitea.dev/models/auth"
@@ -45,14 +46,26 @@ var withRunner = connect.WithInterceptors(connect.UnaryInterceptorFunc(func(unar
 			return nil, status.Error(codes.Unauthenticated, "unregistered runner")
 		}

-		cols := []string{"last_online"}
-		runner.LastOnline = timeutil.TimeStampNow()
-		if methodName == "UpdateTask" || methodName == "UpdateLog" {
-			runner.LastActive = timeutil.TimeStampNow()
+		now := time.Now()
+		cols := make([]string, 0, 2)
+		// Debounce last_active too: while a runner streams logs, UpdateLog fires
+		// many times per second and writing on each is a major source of DB load.
+		// Persist only when stale enough to affect the active/idle status.
+		if (methodName == "UpdateTask" || methodName == "UpdateLog") &&
+			actions_model.ShouldPersistLastActive(runner.LastActive, now) {
+			runner.LastActive = timeutil.TimeStamp(now.Unix())
 			cols = append(cols, "last_active")
 		}
-		if err := actions_model.UpdateRunner(ctx, runner, cols...); err != nil {
-			log.Error("can't update runner status: %v", err)
+		// Debounce last_online: writing on every poll is a major source of DB load
+		// with many runners. Persist only when stale enough to affect offline status.
+		if actions_model.ShouldPersistLastOnline(runner.LastOnline, now) {
+			runner.LastOnline = timeutil.TimeStamp(now.Unix())
+			cols = append(cols, "last_online")
+		}
+		if len(cols) > 0 {
+			if err := actions_model.UpdateRunner(ctx, runner, cols...); err != nil {
+				log.Error("can't update runner status: %v", err)
+			}
 		}

 		ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, runnerCtxKey{}, runner)
@@ -194,9 +194,15 @@ func (s *Service) FetchTask(
 		// if the task version in request is not equal to the version in db,
 		// it means there may still be some tasks that haven't been assigned.
 		// try to pick a task for the runner that send the request.
-		if t, ok, err := actions_service.PickTask(ctx, freshRunner); err != nil {
+		if t, ok, throttled, err := actions_service.TryPickTask(ctx, freshRunner); err != nil {
 			log.Error("pick task failed: %v", err)
 			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "pick task: %v", err)
+		} else if throttled {
+			// Concurrency limit reached: don't advance the runner's tasks version,
+			// so it retries on its next poll instead of sleeping until the next bump.
+			latestVersion = tasksVersion
+			//  A steady stream here means MAX_CONCURRENT_TASK_PICKS is too low for the fleet.
+			log.Debug("task pick throttled for runner %q (id %d); it will retry on its next poll", freshRunner.Name, freshRunner.ID)
 		} else if ok {
 			task = t
 		}
@@ -73,7 +73,9 @@ func reqPackageAccess(accessMode perm.AccessMode) func(ctx *context.Context) {
 				}

 				if publicOnly {
-					if ctx.Package != nil && ctx.Package.Owner.Visibility.IsPrivate() {
+					// a public-only token must not reach limited-visibility owners either,
+					// matching how orgs/users are enforced elsewhere in this file
+					if ctx.Package != nil && !ctx.Package.Owner.Visibility.IsPublic() {
 						ctx.HTTPError(http.StatusForbidden, "reqToken", "token scope is limited to public packages")
 						return
 					}
@@ -333,11 +333,18 @@ func ListPackageTags(ctx *context.Context) {
 func AddPackageTag(ctx *context.Context) {
 	packageName := packageNameFromParams(ctx)

-	body, err := io.ReadAll(ctx.Req.Body)
+	// the dist-tag body is only a quoted version string; bound it to avoid an unbounded
+	// read that could exhaust memory
+	const maxDistTagBodySize = 4 * 1024
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(ctx.Req.Body, maxDistTagBodySize+1))
 	if err != nil {
 		apiError(ctx, http.StatusInternalServerError, err)
 		return
 	}
+	if len(body) > maxDistTagBodySize {
+		apiError(ctx, http.StatusRequestEntityTooLarge, errors.New("request body too large"))
+		return
+	}
 	version := strings.Trim(string(body), "\"") // is as "version" in the body

 	pv, err := packages_model.GetVersionByNameAndVersion(ctx, ctx.Package.Owner.ID, packages_model.TypeNpm, packageName, version)
@@ -291,7 +291,9 @@ func checkTokenPublicOnly() func(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 					return
 				}
 			case auth_model.AccessTokenScopeCategoryPackage:
-				if ctx.Package != nil && ctx.Package.Owner.Visibility.IsPrivate() {
+				// a public-only token must not reach limited-visibility owners either,
+				// matching the org/user public-only enforcement above
+				if ctx.Package != nil && !ctx.Package.Owner.Visibility.IsPublic() {
 					ctx.APIError(http.StatusForbidden, "token scope is limited to public packages")
 					return
 				}
@@ -145,6 +145,13 @@ func GetUserOrgsPermissions(ctx *context.APIContext) {

 	op := api.OrganizationPermissions{}

+	// A public-only token must not disclose membership/permission details of a
+	// non-public org, even for the token owner's own private orgs.
+	if ctx.PublicOnly && !o.Visibility.IsPublic() {
+		ctx.APIErrorNotFound()
+		return
+	}
+
 	if !organization.HasOrgOrUserVisible(ctx, o, ctx.Doer) {
 		ctx.APIErrorNotFound()
 		return
@@ -567,10 +567,20 @@ func GetTeamRepos(ctx *context.APIContext) {

 	team := ctx.Org.Team
 	listOptions := utils.GetListOptions(ctx)
-	teamRepos, err := repo_model.GetTeamRepositories(ctx, &repo_model.SearchTeamRepoOptions{
+	// A public-only token must not expose (or count) private repos, even when the
+	// doer owning the token otherwise has access to them, so filter them out at the
+	// query level to keep the returned page and the total-count header consistent.
+	searchOpts := &repo_model.SearchTeamRepoOptions{
 		ListOptions: listOptions,
 		TeamID:      team.ID,
-	})
+		PublicOnly:  ctx.PublicOnly,
+	}
+	teamRepos, err := repo_model.GetTeamRepositories(ctx, searchOpts)
+	if err != nil {
+		ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
+		return
+	}
+	count, err := repo_model.CountTeamRepositories(ctx, searchOpts)
 	if err != nil {
 		ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
 		return
@@ -584,14 +594,16 @@ func GetTeamRepos(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 		}
 		// A team's repo list is reachable by non-team-members through the team's
 		// visibility tier, so never expose repos (incl. their names) the doer
-		// cannot access.
+		// cannot access. This per-repo visibility trim can't be expressed in the
+		// SQL count above without regressing per-unit public access, so for such
+		// non-members the total-count header may be a small upper bound.
 		if !permission.HasAnyUnitAccessOrPublicAccess() {
 			continue
 		}
 		repos = append(repos, convert.ToRepo(ctx, repo, permission))
 	}
-	ctx.SetLinkHeader(int64(team.NumRepos), listOptions.PageSize)
-	ctx.SetTotalCountHeader(int64(team.NumRepos))
+	ctx.SetLinkHeader(count, listOptions.PageSize)
+	ctx.SetTotalCountHeader(count)
 	ctx.JSON(http.StatusOK, repos)
 }

@@ -630,6 +642,12 @@ func GetTeamRepo(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 		return
 	}

+	// A public-only token must not confirm the existence of a private repo.
+	if !ctx.TokenCanAccessRepo(repo) {
+		ctx.APIErrorNotFound()
+		return
+	}
+
 	if !organization.HasTeamRepo(ctx, ctx.Org.Team.OrgID, ctx.Org.Team.ID, repo.ID) {
 		ctx.APIErrorNotFound()
 		return
@@ -664,6 +682,22 @@ func getRepositoryByParams(ctx *context.APIContext) *repo_model.Repository {
 	return repo
 }

+func canChangeTeamRepository(ctx *context.APIContext) bool {
+	if ctx.Org.Organization.RepoAdminChangeTeamAccess {
+		return true
+	}
+	isOwner, err := ctx.Org.Organization.IsOwnedBy(ctx, ctx.Doer.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
+		return false
+	}
+	if !isOwner {
+		ctx.APIError(http.StatusForbidden, "user is nor repo admin nor owner")
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
 // AddTeamRepository api for adding a repository to a team
 func AddTeamRepository(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 	// swagger:operation PUT /teams/{id}/repos/{org}/{repo} organization orgAddTeamRepository
@@ -700,6 +734,9 @@ func AddTeamRepository(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 	if ctx.Written() {
 		return
 	}
+	if !canChangeTeamRepository(ctx) {
+		return
+	}
 	if access, err := access_model.AccessLevel(ctx, ctx.Doer, repo); err != nil {
 		ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
 		return
@@ -752,6 +789,9 @@ func RemoveTeamRepository(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 	if ctx.Written() {
 		return
 	}
+	if !canChangeTeamRepository(ctx) {
+		return
+	}
 	if access, err := access_model.AccessLevel(ctx, ctx.Doer, repo); err != nil {
 		ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
 		return
@@ -889,6 +929,8 @@ func ListTeamActivityFeeds(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 		Date:           ctx.FormString("date"),
 		ListOptions:    listOptions,
 	}
+	// A public-only token must not receive private activity entries.
+	opts.ApplyPublicOnly(ctx.PublicOnly)

 	feeds, count, err := feed_service.GetFeeds(ctx, opts)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -258,8 +258,27 @@ func GetAllCommits(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 			ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
 			return
 		} else if commitsCountTotal == 0 {
-			ctx.APIErrorNotFound()
-			return
+			// when date filters are active, a zero count may just mean no
+			// commits in the requested range — not that the path is invalid
+			if since == "" && until == "" {
+				ctx.APIErrorNotFound()
+				return
+			}
+			// verify the path actually exists in the revision history
+			totalWithoutDate, err := gitrepo.CommitsCount(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository,
+				gitrepo.CommitsCountOptions{
+					Not:      not,
+					Revision: []string{sha},
+					RelPath:  []string{path},
+				})
+			if err != nil {
+				ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
+				return
+			}
+			if totalWithoutDate == 0 {
+				ctx.APIErrorNotFound()
+				return
+			}
 		}

 		commits, _, err = ctx.Repo.GitRepo.CommitsByFileAndRange(
@@ -178,13 +178,12 @@ func DeleteIssueLabel(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 		return
 	}

-	label, err := issues_model.GetLabelByID(ctx, ctx.PathParamInt64("id"))
+	// the label must belong to this repo (or its owning org); otherwise a foreign label ID
+	// is rejected the same way as a nonexistent one, closing a cross-repo enumeration oracle
+	labelID := ctx.PathParamInt64("id")
+	label, err := issues_model.GetLabelInRepoOrOrgByID(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository.ID, ctx.Repo.Owner.ID, ctx.Repo.Owner.IsOrganization(), labelID)
 	if err != nil {
-		if issues_model.IsErrLabelNotExist(err) {
-			ctx.APIError(http.StatusUnprocessableEntity, err.Error())
-		} else {
-			ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
-		}
+		ctx.APIErrorAuto(err)
 		return
 	}

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (

 	"gitea.dev/models/db"
 	issues_model "gitea.dev/models/issues"
+	access_model "gitea.dev/models/perm/access"
 	"gitea.dev/models/unit"
 	user_model "gitea.dev/models/user"
 	api "gitea.dev/modules/structs"
@@ -132,11 +133,33 @@ func ListTrackedTimes(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 		ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
 		return
 	}
+	trackedTimes, err = filterTrackedTimesByAccess(ctx, trackedTimes)
+	if err != nil {
+		ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
+		return
+	}

 	ctx.SetTotalCountHeader(count)
 	ctx.JSON(http.StatusOK, convert.ToTrackedTimeList(ctx, ctx.Doer, trackedTimes))
 }

+func filterTrackedTimesByAccess(ctx *context.APIContext, trackedTimes issues_model.TrackedTimeList) (issues_model.TrackedTimeList, error) {
+	filtered := make(issues_model.TrackedTimeList, 0, len(trackedTimes))
+	for _, trackedTime := range trackedTimes {
+		if trackedTime.Issue == nil || trackedTime.Issue.Repo == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		permission, err := access_model.GetIndividualUserRepoPermission(ctx, trackedTime.Issue.Repo, ctx.Doer)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if permission.HasAnyUnitAccessOrPublicAccess() {
+			filtered = append(filtered, trackedTime)
+		}
+	}
+	return filtered, nil
+}
+
 // AddTime add time manual to the given issue
 func AddTime(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 	// swagger:operation Post /repos/{owner}/{repo}/issues/{index}/times issue issueAddTime
@@ -198,7 +221,8 @@ func AddTime(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 			// allow only RepoAdmin, Admin and User to add time
 			user, err = user_model.GetUserByName(ctx, form.User)
 			if err != nil {
-				ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
+				ctx.APIErrorAuto(err)
+				return
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -542,6 +566,11 @@ func ListTrackedTimesByRepository(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 		ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
 		return
 	}
+	trackedTimes, err = filterTrackedTimesByAccess(ctx, trackedTimes)
+	if err != nil {
+		ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
+		return
+	}

 	ctx.SetTotalCountHeader(count)
 	ctx.JSON(http.StatusOK, convert.ToTrackedTimeList(ctx, ctx.Doer, trackedTimes))
@@ -604,6 +633,11 @@ func ListMyTrackedTimes(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 		ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
 		return
 	}
+	trackedTimes, err = filterTrackedTimesByAccess(ctx, trackedTimes)
+	if err != nil {
+		ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
+		return
+	}

 	ctx.SetTotalCountHeader(count)
 	ctx.JSON(http.StatusOK, convert.ToTrackedTimeList(ctx, ctx.Doer, trackedTimes))
@@ -106,11 +106,7 @@ func GetLabel(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 		l, err = issues_model.GetLabelInRepoByID(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository.ID, intID)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
-		if issues_model.IsErrRepoLabelNotExist(err) {
-			ctx.APIErrorNotFound()
-		} else {
-			ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
-		}
+		ctx.APIErrorAuto(err)
 		return
 	}

@@ -214,11 +210,7 @@ func EditLabel(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 	form := web.GetForm(ctx).(*api.EditLabelOption)
 	l, err := issues_model.GetLabelInRepoByID(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository.ID, ctx.PathParamInt64("id"))
 	if err != nil {
-		if issues_model.IsErrRepoLabelNotExist(err) {
-			ctx.APIErrorNotFound()
-		} else {
-			ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
-		}
+		ctx.APIErrorAuto(err)
 		return
 	}

@@ -1251,6 +1251,13 @@ func UpdatePullRequest(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 		return
 	}

+	// a public-only token must not update (push into) a private head repo,
+	// even when the base repo named in the route is public
+	if !ctx.TokenCanAccessRepo(pr.HeadRepo) {
+		ctx.APIErrorNotFound()
+		return
+	}
+
 	// keep API back-compat: when no style is given, default to "merge" rather than the repo's DefaultUpdateStyle,
 	// so existing API clients keep getting a merge update.
 	rebase := repo_model.UpdateStyle(ctx.FormString("style", string(repo_model.UpdateStyleMerge))) == repo_model.UpdateStyleRebase
@@ -21,8 +21,21 @@ import (
 	"gitea.dev/routers/api/v1/utils"
 	"gitea.dev/services/context"
 	"gitea.dev/services/convert"
+
+	"xorm.io/builder"
 )

+// actionsOwnerAccessibleRepoIDsSubQuery returns the sub-query restricting an owner-scoped actions
+// listing to the repos whose actions the caller can read, or nil when no restriction applies. A bare
+// org member must not be able to enumerate runs/jobs of repos they have no access to. A site admin may
+// skip the access filter, but a public-only token must stay confined to public repos even for an admin.
+func actionsOwnerAccessibleRepoIDsSubQuery(ctx *context.APIContext, ownerID int64) *builder.Builder {
+	if ownerID > 0 && (ctx.Doer == nil || !ctx.Doer.IsAdmin || ctx.PublicOnly) {
+		return repo_model.FindUserActionsAccessibleOwnerRepoIDsSubQuery(ownerID, ctx.Doer, ctx.PublicOnly)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // ListJobs lists jobs for api route validated ownerID and repoID
 // ownerID == 0 and repoID == 0 means all jobs
 // ownerID == 0 and repoID != 0 means all jobs for the given repo
@@ -60,6 +73,8 @@ func ListJobs(ctx *context.APIContext, ownerID, repoID, runID int64, runAttemptI
 		opts.Statuses = append(opts.Statuses, values...)
 	}

+	opts.AccessibleRepoIDsSubQuery = actionsOwnerAccessibleRepoIDsSubQuery(ctx, opts.OwnerID)
+
 	jobs, total, err := db.FindAndCount[actions_model.ActionRunJob](ctx, opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
@@ -181,6 +196,8 @@ func ListRuns(ctx *context.APIContext, ownerID, repoID int64, workflowID string)
 	}
 	excludePullRequests := ctx.FormBool("exclude_pull_requests")

+	opts.AccessibleRepoIDsSubQuery = actionsOwnerAccessibleRepoIDsSubQuery(ctx, opts.OwnerID)
+
 	runs, total, err := db.FindAndCount[actions_model.ActionRun](ctx, opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
@@ -126,6 +126,29 @@ func CreateAccessToken(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 	}
 	t.Scope = scope

+	// a token-authenticated request must not mint a token with a broader scope than its own
+	if ctx.Data["IsApiToken"] == true {
+		apiTokenScope, ok := ctx.Data["ApiTokenScope"].(auth_model.AccessTokenScope)
+		if !ok {
+			ctx.APIError(http.StatusForbidden, "the authenticating token has no scope")
+			return
+		}
+		hasScope, err := apiTokenScope.CanCreateChildScope(scope)
+		if err != nil {
+			ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
+			return
+		}
+		if !hasScope {
+			ctx.APIError(http.StatusForbidden, "cannot create an access token with a broader scope than the authenticating token")
+			return
+		}
+		// a public-only token must not mint a token that drops the public-only restriction
+		if t.Scope, err = t.Scope.EnforcePublicOnlyFrom(apiTokenScope); err != nil {
+			ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
 	if err := auth_model.NewAccessToken(ctx, t); err != nil {
 		ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
 		return
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"net/http"

 	user_model "gitea.dev/models/user"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/setting"
 	api "gitea.dev/modules/structs"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/web"
 	"gitea.dev/services/context"
@@ -57,6 +58,11 @@ func AddEmail(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 	//   "422":
 	//     "$ref": "#/responses/validationError"

+	if user_model.IsFeatureDisabledWithLoginType(ctx.Doer, setting.UserFeatureManageCredentials) {
+		ctx.APIErrorNotFound("emails are not allowed to be changed")
+		return
+	}
+
 	form := web.GetForm(ctx).(*api.CreateEmailOption)
 	if len(form.Emails) == 0 {
 		ctx.APIError(http.StatusUnprocessableEntity, "Email list empty")
@@ -114,6 +120,11 @@ func DeleteEmail(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 	//   "404":
 	//     "$ref": "#/responses/notFound"

+	if user_model.IsFeatureDisabledWithLoginType(ctx.Doer, setting.UserFeatureManageCredentials) {
+		ctx.APIErrorNotFound("emails are not allowed to be changed")
+		return
+	}
+
 	form := web.GetForm(ctx).(*api.DeleteEmailOption)
 	if len(form.Emails) == 0 {
 		ctx.Status(http.StatusNoContent)
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ func getStarredRepos(ctx *context.APIContext, user *user_model.User, private boo
 		ListOptions:    utils.GetListOptions(ctx),
 		StarrerID:      user.ID,
 		IncludePrivate: private,
+		Actor:          user,
 	}
 	opts.ApplyPublicOnly(ctx.PublicOnly)

@@ -32,13 +33,16 @@ func getStarredRepos(ctx *context.APIContext, user *user_model.User, private boo
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	repos := make([]*api.Repository, len(starredRepos))
-	for i, starred := range starredRepos {
+	repos := make([]*api.Repository, 0, len(starredRepos))
+	for _, starred := range starredRepos {
 		permission, err := access_model.GetIndividualUserRepoPermission(ctx, starred, user)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		repos[i] = convert.ToRepo(ctx, starred, permission)
+		if !permission.HasAnyUnitAccessOrPublicAccess() {
+			continue
+		}
+		repos = append(repos, convert.ToRepo(ctx, starred, permission))
 	}
 	return repos, nil
 }
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ func getWatchedRepos(ctx *context.APIContext, user *user_model.User, private boo
 		ListOptions:    utils.GetListOptions(ctx),
 		WatcherID:      user.ID,
 		IncludePrivate: private,
+		Actor:          user,
 	}
 	opts.ApplyPublicOnly(ctx.PublicOnly)

@@ -147,6 +147,9 @@ func MustInitSessioner() func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 		Secure:         setting.SessionConfig.Secure,
 		SameSite:       setting.SessionConfig.SameSite,
 		Domain:         setting.SessionConfig.Domain,
+
+		// in the future, if websocket is used, the websocket handler should manage its own session sync (release)
+		IgnoreReleaseForWebSocket: true,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Fatal("common.Sessioner failed: %v", err)
@@ -160,10 +160,17 @@ func hookPostReceiveUpdateRepoByOptions(ctx *gitea_context.PrivateContext, opts
 			return false
 		}

-		// FIXME: these options are not quite right, for example: changing visibility should do more works than just setting the is_private flag
-		// These options should only be used for "push-to-create"
+		// Only honor these options while the repo is still empty (the push-to-create
+		// case). On a populated repo a bare "git push -o repo.private=..." would
+		// silently flip visibility, bypassing the audit log, webhooks and notifications.
+		if !repo.IsEmpty {
+			return true
+		}
+
+		// The repo is empty and being initialized by this push, so there is no
+		// dependent state (webhooks, notifications, visibility fan-out) to reconcile
+		// yet; setting the flags directly is sufficient in this push-to-create case.
 		if isPrivate.Has() && repo.IsPrivate != isPrivate.Value() {
-			// TODO: it needs to do more work
 			repo.IsPrivate = isPrivate.Value()
 			if err = repo_model.UpdateRepositoryColsNoAutoTime(ctx, repo, "is_private"); err != nil {
 				log.Error("failed to update repo is_private: %v", err)
@@ -31,9 +31,7 @@ import (
 type preReceiveContext struct {
 	*gitea_context.PrivateContext

-	// loadedPusher indicates that where the following information are loaded
-	loadedPusher        bool
-	user                *user_model.User // it's the org user if a DeployKey is used
+	user                *user_model.User // the "pusher", it's the org user if a DeployKey is used
 	userPerm            access_model.Permission
 	deployKeyAccessMode perm_model.AccessMode

@@ -53,10 +51,7 @@ type preReceiveContext struct {

 func (ctx *preReceiveContext) canWriteCodeUnit() bool {
 	if ctx.canWriteCodeUnitCached == nil {
-		var canWrite bool
-		if ctx.loadPusherAndPermission() {
-			canWrite = ctx.userPerm.CanWrite(unit.TypeCode) || ctx.deployKeyAccessMode >= perm_model.AccessModeWrite
-		}
+		canWrite := ctx.userPerm.CanWrite(unit.TypeCode) || ctx.deployKeyAccessMode >= perm_model.AccessModeWrite
 		ctx.canWriteCodeUnitCached = &canWrite
 	}
 	return *ctx.canWriteCodeUnitCached
@@ -91,9 +86,6 @@ func (ctx *preReceiveContext) assertCanWriteRef(refFullName git.RefName) bool {
 // CanCreatePullRequest returns true if pusher can create pull requests
 func (ctx *preReceiveContext) CanCreatePullRequest() bool {
 	if !ctx.checkedCanCreatePullRequest {
-		if !ctx.loadPusherAndPermission() {
-			return false
-		}
 		ctx.canCreatePullRequest = ctx.userPerm.CanRead(unit.TypePullRequests)
 		ctx.checkedCanCreatePullRequest = true
 	}
@@ -124,6 +116,10 @@ func HookPreReceive(ctx *gitea_context.PrivateContext) {
 		opts:           opts,
 	}

+	if !ourCtx.loadPusherAndPermission() {
+		return // if error occurs, loadPusherAndPermission had written the error response
+	}
+
 	// Iterate across the provided old commit IDs
 	for i := range opts.OldCommitIDs {
 		oldCommitID := opts.OldCommitIDs[i]
@@ -281,18 +277,10 @@ func preReceiveBranch(ctx *preReceiveContext, oldCommitID, newCommitID string, r
 			canPush = !changedProtectedfiles && protectBranch.CanPush && (!protectBranch.EnableWhitelist || protectBranch.WhitelistDeployKeys)
 		}
 	} else {
-		user, err := user_model.GetUserByID(ctx, ctx.opts.UserID)
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("Unable to GetUserByID for commits from %s to %s in %-v: %v", oldCommitID, newCommitID, repo, err)
-			ctx.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, private.Response{
-				Err: fmt.Sprintf("Unable to GetUserByID for commits from %s to %s: %v", oldCommitID, newCommitID, err),
-			})
-			return
-		}
 		if isForcePush {
-			canPush = !changedProtectedfiles && protectBranch.CanUserForcePush(ctx, user)
+			canPush = !changedProtectedfiles && protectBranch.CanUserForcePush(ctx, ctx.user)
 		} else {
-			canPush = !changedProtectedfiles && protectBranch.CanUserPush(ctx, user)
+			canPush = !changedProtectedfiles && protectBranch.CanUserPush(ctx, ctx.user)
 		}
 	}

@@ -354,12 +342,6 @@ func preReceiveBranch(ctx *preReceiveContext, oldCommitID, newCommitID string, r
 			return
 		}

-		// although we should have called `loadPusherAndPermission` before, here we call it explicitly again because we need to access ctx.user below
-		if !ctx.loadPusherAndPermission() {
-			// if error occurs, loadPusherAndPermission had written the error response
-			return
-		}
-
 		// Now check if the user is allowed to merge PRs for this repository
 		// Note: we can use ctx.perm and ctx.user directly as they will have been loaded above
 		allowedMerge, err := pull_service.IsUserAllowedToMerge(ctx, pr, ctx.userPerm, ctx.user)
@@ -499,10 +481,6 @@ func generateGitEnv(opts *private.HookOptions) (env []string) {

 // loadPusherAndPermission returns false if an error occurs, and it writes the error response
 func (ctx *preReceiveContext) loadPusherAndPermission() bool {
-	if ctx.loadedPusher {
-		return true
-	}
-
 	if ctx.opts.UserID == user_model.ActionsUserID {
 		taskID := ctx.opts.ActionsTaskID
 		ctx.user = user_model.NewActionsUserWithTaskID(taskID)
@@ -555,7 +533,5 @@ func (ctx *preReceiveContext) loadPusherAndPermission() bool {
 		}
 		ctx.deployKeyAccessMode = deployKey.Mode
 	}
-
-	ctx.loadedPusher = true
 	return true
 }
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ func TestPreReceiveCanWriteCodePerBranch(t *testing.T) {
 	mockCtx, _ := contexttest.MockPrivateContext(t, "/")
 	ctx := &preReceiveContext{
 		PrivateContext: mockCtx,
-		loadedPusher:   true,
 		user:           maintainer,
 		userPerm:       headPerm,
 	}
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ func autoSignIn(ctx *context.Context) (bool, error) {

 	ctx.SetSiteCookie(setting.CookieRememberName, nt.ID+":"+token, setting.LogInRememberDays*timeutil.Day)

-	if err := updateSession(ctx, nil, map[string]any{
+	if err := regenerateSession(ctx, nil, map[string]any{
 		session.KeyUID:                  u.ID,
 		session.KeyUname:                u.Name,
 		session.KeyUserHasTwoFactorAuth: userHasTwoFactorAuth,
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ func SignInPost(ctx *context.Context) {
 		// User will need to use WebAuthn, save data
 		updates["totpEnrolled"] = u.ID
 	}
-	if err := updateSession(ctx, nil, updates); err != nil {
+	if err := regenerateSession(ctx, nil, updates); err != nil {
 		ctx.ServerError("UserSignIn: Unable to update session", err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ func handleSignInFull(ctx *context.Context, u *user_model.User, remember bool) {
 		return
 	}

-	if err := updateSession(ctx, []string{
+	if err := regenerateSession(ctx, []string{
 		// Delete the openid, 2fa and link_account data
 		"openid_verified_uri",
 		"openid_signin_remember",
@@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ func handleAccountActivation(ctx *context.Context, user *user_model.User) {

 	log.Trace("User activated: %s", user.Name)

-	if err := updateSession(ctx, nil, map[string]any{
+	if err := regenerateSession(ctx, nil, map[string]any{
 		"uid":   user.ID,
 		"uname": user.Name,
 	}); err != nil {
@@ -936,7 +936,7 @@ func ActivateEmail(ctx *context.Context) {
 	ctx.Redirect(setting.AppSubURL + "/user/settings/account")
 }

-func updateSession(ctx *context.Context, deletes []string, updates map[string]any) error {
+func regenerateSession(ctx *context.Context, deletes []string, updates map[string]any) error {
 	if _, err := session.RegenerateSession(ctx.Resp, ctx.Req); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("regenerate session: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -164,7 +164,12 @@ func oauth2LinkAccount(ctx *context.Context, u *user_model.User, linkAccountData
 		return
 	}

-	if err := updateSession(ctx, nil, map[string]any{
+	if err := Oauth2SetLinkAccountData(ctx, *linkAccountData); err != nil {
+		ctx.ServerError("Oauth2SetLinkAccountData", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := regenerateSession(ctx, nil, map[string]any{
 		// User needs to use 2FA, save data and redirect to 2FA page.
 		"twofaUid":      u.ID,
 		"twofaRemember": remember,
@@ -19,9 +19,11 @@ import (
 	user_model "gitea.dev/models/user"
 	auth_module "gitea.dev/modules/auth"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/container"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/hostmatcher"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/httplib"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/log"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/optional"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/proxy"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/session"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/setting"
 	source_service "gitea.dev/services/auth/source"
@@ -285,9 +287,7 @@ func oauth2GetLinkAccountData(ctx *context.Context) *LinkAccountData {
 }

 func Oauth2SetLinkAccountData(ctx *context.Context, linkAccountData LinkAccountData) error {
-	return updateSession(ctx, nil, map[string]any{
-		"linkAccountData": linkAccountData,
-	})
+	return ctx.Session.Set("linkAccountData", linkAccountData)
 }

 func showLinkingLogin(ctx *context.Context, authSourceID int64, gothUser goth.User) {
@@ -298,7 +298,23 @@ func showLinkingLogin(ctx *context.Context, authSourceID int64, gothUser goth.Us
 	ctx.Redirect(setting.AppSubURL + "/user/link_account")
 }

-var oauth2AvatarHTTPClient = &http.Client{Timeout: 30 * time.Second}
+// oauth2AvatarAllowList parses the host allow-list applied to avatar fetches from the global
+// [security] ALLOWED_HOST_LIST, defaulting an empty setting to the built-in "external" set. An empty
+// host-match list would otherwise disable the allow-list check entirely and permit any host, including
+// loopback/private addresses (SSRF).
+func oauth2AvatarAllowList() *hostmatcher.HostMatchList {
+	return hostmatcher.ParseHostMatchList("security.ALLOWED_HOST_LIST", setting.Security.AllowedHostList)
+}
+
+// oauth2AvatarHTTPClient builds the SSRF-protected client for avatar fetches. It is constructed per call
+// so a changed allowlist takes effect (avatar fetches are infrequent, so this is not a hot path).
+func oauth2AvatarHTTPClient() *http.Client {
+	allowList := oauth2AvatarAllowList()
+	return &http.Client{
+		Timeout:   30 * time.Second,
+		Transport: hostmatcher.NewHTTPTransport("oauth2-avatar", allowList, nil, proxy.Proxy(), setting.Proxy.ProxyURLFixed, nil),
+	}
+}

 func oauth2UpdateAvatarIfNeed(ctx *context.Context, avatarURL string, u *user_model.User) {
 	if !setting.OAuth2Client.UpdateAvatar || len(avatarURL) == 0 {
@@ -312,7 +328,7 @@ func oauth2UpdateAvatarIfNeed(ctx *context.Context, avatarURL string, u *user_mo
 	// Some hosts (e.g. Wikimedia) reject Go's default User-Agent.
 	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Gitea "+setting.AppVer)

-	resp, err := oauth2AvatarHTTPClient.Do(req)
+	resp, err := oauth2AvatarHTTPClient().Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Warn("fetch %q failed: %v", avatarURL, err)
 		return
@@ -375,7 +391,10 @@ func handleOAuth2SignIn(ctx *context.Context, authSource *auth.Source, u *user_m
 			ctx.ServerError("GetExternalLogin", err)
 			return
 		}
-		isDisabledByAutoSync := hasExt && extLogin.RefreshToken == ""
+		// the cron clears all three token fields when it disables a user, so require the
+		// full signature; a RefreshToken alone is empty for many normal logins (e.g. GitHub
+		// or OIDC without offline_access), which would otherwise reactivate admin-disabled users
+		isDisabledByAutoSync := hasExt && extLogin.AccessToken == "" && extLogin.RefreshToken == "" && extLogin.ExpiresAt.IsZero()
 		if isDisabledByAutoSync {
 			opts.IsActive = optional.Some(true)
 		}
@@ -409,7 +428,7 @@ func handleOAuth2SignIn(ctx *context.Context, authSource *auth.Source, u *user_m
 			return
 		}

-		if err := updateSession(ctx, nil, map[string]any{
+		if err := regenerateSession(ctx, nil, map[string]any{
 			session.KeyUID:                  u.ID,
 			session.KeyUname:                u.Name,
 			session.KeyUserHasTwoFactorAuth: userHasTwoFactorAuth,
@@ -434,7 +453,7 @@ func handleOAuth2SignIn(ctx *context.Context, authSource *auth.Source, u *user_m
 		}
 	}

-	if err := updateSession(ctx, nil, map[string]any{
+	if err := regenerateSession(ctx, nil, map[string]any{
 		// User needs to use 2FA, save data and redirect to 2FA page.
 		"twofaUid":      u.ID,
 		"twofaRemember": false,
@@ -98,6 +98,19 @@ func InfoOAuth(ctx *context.Context) {
 		return
 	}

+	// enforce the same user scope the REST API requires before returning identity
+	// claims; OIDC access tokens map to the "all" scope, so standard OIDC clients
+	// are unaffected and only explicitly-restricted tokens are rejected
+	tokenScope, _ := ctx.Data["ApiTokenScope"].(auth.AccessTokenScope)
+	if allowed, err := tokenScope.HasScope(auth.AccessTokenScopeReadUser); err != nil {
+		ctx.ServerError("HasScope", err)
+		return
+	} else if !allowed {
+		ctx.Resp.Header().Set("WWW-Authenticate", `Bearer realm="Gitea OAuth2"`)
+		ctx.PlainText(http.StatusForbidden, "token does not have required scope: read:user")
+		return
+	}
+
 	response := &userInfoResponse{
 		Sub:               strconv.FormatInt(ctx.Doer.ID, 10),
 		Name:              ctx.Doer.DisplayName(),
@@ -4,15 +4,22 @@
 package auth

 import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"

 	"gitea.dev/models/auth"
 	"gitea.dev/models/unittest"
 	user_model "gitea.dev/models/user"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/hostmatcher"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/setting"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/test"
 	"gitea.dev/services/oauth2_provider"

 	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func createAndParseToken(t *testing.T, grant *auth.OAuth2Grant) *oauth2_provider.OIDCToken {
@@ -73,3 +80,42 @@ func TestNewAccessTokenResponse_OIDCToken(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, user.Email, oidcToken.Email)
 	assert.Equal(t, user.IsActive, oidcToken.EmailVerified)
 }
+
+func TestOAuth2AvatarClientBlocksLoopback(t *testing.T) {
+	var hit atomic.Bool
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		hit.Store(true)
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte("img"))
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	// the httptest server binds a loopback address, which the SSRF-protected dialer must refuse
+	resp, err := oauth2AvatarHTTPClient().Get(srv.URL)
+	if resp != nil {
+		_ = resp.Body.Close()
+	}
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.False(t, hit.Load(), "avatar client must refuse to dial a loopback address")
+}
+
+func TestOAuth2AvatarAllowListRestricts(t *testing.T) {
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&setting.Security.AllowedHostList, "avatars.example.com")()
+	allowList := oauth2AvatarAllowList()
+	assert.True(t, allowList.MatchHostName("avatars.example.com"), "the configured host must be allowed")
+	assert.False(t, allowList.MatchHostName("8.8.8.8"), "an unrelated external host must be rejected")
+
+	// the default `external` allow-list still permits external hosts
+	setting.Security.AllowedHostList = hostmatcher.MatchBuiltinExternal
+	assert.True(t, oauth2AvatarAllowList().MatchHostName("8.8.8.8"), "default allow-list permits external hosts")
+}
+
+func TestOAuth2AvatarClientBlocksCloudMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+	// external-only allow-list must reject link-local cloud metadata (169.254.169.254) at dial time
+	resp, err := oauth2AvatarHTTPClient().Get("http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/")
+	if resp != nil {
+		_ = resp.Body.Close()
+	}
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "can only call allowed HTTP servers",
+		"avatar client must refuse a link-local cloud-metadata address")
+}
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ func signInOpenIDVerify(ctx *context.Context) {
 	if u != nil {
 		nickname = u.LowerName
 	}
-	if err := updateSession(ctx, nil, map[string]any{
+	if err := regenerateSession(ctx, nil, map[string]any{
 		"openid_verified_uri":        id,
 		"openid_determined_email":    email,
 		"openid_determined_username": nickname,
@@ -41,6 +41,11 @@ func showUserFeed(ctx *context.Context, formatType string) {
 		includePrivate = isOrgMember
 	}

+	// a public-only API token must not surface private activity, even for its own owner
+	if includePrivate && context.TokenIsPublicOnly(ctx) {
+		includePrivate = false
+	}
+
 	actions, _, err := feed_service.GetFeeds(ctx, activities_model.GetFeedsOptions{
 		RequestedUser:   ctx.ContextUser,
 		Actor:           ctx.Doer,
@@ -11,7 +11,11 @@ import (
 	"path"
 	"strings"

+	auth_model "gitea.dev/models/auth"
+	access_model "gitea.dev/models/perm/access"
 	repo_model "gitea.dev/models/repo"
+	"gitea.dev/models/unit"
+	user_model "gitea.dev/models/user"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/setting"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/util"
 	"gitea.dev/services/context"
@@ -51,10 +55,8 @@ func goGet(ctx *context.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 	branchName := setting.Repository.DefaultBranch
-
-	repo, err := repo_model.GetRepositoryByOwnerAndName(ctx, ownerName, repoName)
-	if err == nil && len(repo.DefaultBranch) > 0 {
-		branchName = repo.DefaultBranch
+	if repo, err := repo_model.GetRepositoryByOwnerAndName(ctx, ownerName, repoName); err == nil {
+		branchName = goGetDefaultBranch(ctx, repo)
 	}
 	prefix := setting.AppURL + path.Join(url.PathEscape(ownerName), url.PathEscape(repoName), "src", "branch", util.PathEscapeSegments(branchName))

@@ -91,3 +93,47 @@ func goGet(ctx *context.Context) {
 	ctx.RespHeader().Set("Content-Type", "text/html")
 	_, _ = ctx.Write([]byte(res))
 }
+
+// goGetDefaultBranch returns the repository's real default branch only when the caller may genuinely
+// reach it, otherwise the neutral instance default, so the meta response does not disclose the branch
+// name (or the repo's existence) to callers who cannot see the repository.
+func goGetDefaultBranch(ctx *context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository) string {
+	def := setting.Repository.DefaultBranch
+	if len(repo.DefaultBranch) == 0 {
+		return def
+	}
+	if err := repo.LoadOwner(ctx); err != nil || repo.Owner == nil {
+		return def
+	}
+	// a token that was not granted repository read scope must not learn repository details, even when the
+	// account behind it could read the repo through the web UI
+	if !goGetTokenCanReadRepo(ctx) {
+		return def
+	}
+	// a public-only token may only reach genuinely public resources (a public repo under a public owner)
+	if context.TokenIsPublicOnly(ctx) && (repo.IsPrivate || !repo.Owner.Visibility.IsPublic()) {
+		return def
+	}
+	// the caller must be able to read the code and see the owner: a limited/private owner hides its repos
+	// from anonymous/non-member callers even when the repo itself is public
+	perm, err := access_model.GetDoerRepoPermission(ctx, repo, ctx.Doer)
+	if err != nil || !perm.CanRead(unit.TypeCode) || !user_model.IsUserVisibleToViewer(ctx, repo.Owner, ctx.Doer) {
+		return def
+	}
+	return repo.DefaultBranch
+}
+
+// goGetTokenCanReadRepo reports whether the request may learn repository details. A non-token request
+// always may; a token request may only when its scope grants repository read, so a PAT that was never
+// scoped for repositories cannot disclose the branch even if its owner can read the repo.
+func goGetTokenCanReadRepo(ctx *context.Context) bool {
+	if ctx.Data["IsApiToken"] != true {
+		return true
+	}
+	scope, ok := ctx.Data["ApiTokenScope"].(auth_model.AccessTokenScope)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	has, err := scope.HasScope(auth_model.AccessTokenScopeReadRepository)
+	return err == nil && has
+}
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ func ViewProject(ctx *context.Context) {
 	ctx.Data["MilestoneID"] = milestoneID

 	// Get assignees.
-	assigneeUsers, err := project_service.LoadIssuesAssigneesForProject(ctx, issuesMap)
+	assigneeUsers, err := project_service.LoadIssuesAssigneesForProject(ctx, project.ID)
 	if err != nil {
 		ctx.ServerError("LoadIssuesAssigneesForProject", err)
 		return
@@ -186,6 +186,22 @@ func ServeAttachment(ctx *context.Context, uuid string) {
 			return
 		}

+		// Draft release attachments must not be exposed to anyone without write
+		// access, matching the API-side canAccessReleaseDraft gate. Otherwise the
+		// UUID-based web endpoints would leak draft attachments to any recipient of
+		// the (leaked) download URL.
+		if unitType == unit.TypeReleases && attach.ReleaseID != 0 && !perm.CanWrite(unit.TypeReleases) {
+			rel, err := repo_model.GetReleaseByID(ctx, attach.ReleaseID)
+			if err != nil {
+				ctx.ServerError("GetReleaseByID", err)
+				return
+			}
+			if rel.IsDraft {
+				ctx.HTTPError(http.StatusNotFound)
+				return
+			}
+		}
+
 		if requiredScope, ok := attachmentReadScope(unitType); ok {
 			context.CheckTokenScopes(ctx, repo, requiredScope)
 			if ctx.Written() {
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ func Diff(ctx *context.Context) {
 	verification := asymkey_service.ParseCommitWithSignature(ctx, commit)
 	ctx.Data["Verification"] = verification
 	ctx.Data["Author"] = user_model.GetUserByGitAuthor(ctx, commit)
-	ctx.Data["CommitOtherParticipants"] = gituser.BuildAvatarStackData(ctx, commit.AllParticipantIdentities(), nil).Participants[1:]
+	ctx.Data["CommitOtherParticipants"] = gituser.BuildAvatarStackData(ctx, commit.CoAuthorIdentities(), nil).Participants
 	ctx.Data["Parents"] = parents
 	ctx.Data["DiffNotAvailable"] = diffShortStat.NumFiles == 0

@@ -130,6 +130,25 @@ func RemoveDependency(ctx *context.Context) {
 		return
 	}

+	// Existing cross-repo dependencies must remain removable even when
+	// AllowCrossRepositoryDependencies is disabled, so only enforce that the
+	// doer can read the dependency's repository.
+	if issue.RepoID != dep.RepoID {
+		if err := dep.LoadRepo(ctx); err != nil {
+			ctx.ServerError("loadRepo", err)
+			return
+		}
+		depRepoPerm, err := access_model.GetDoerRepoPermission(ctx, dep.Repo, ctx.Doer)
+		if err != nil {
+			ctx.ServerError("GetDoerRepoPermission", err)
+			return
+		}
+		if !depRepoPerm.CanReadIssuesOrPulls(dep.IsPull) {
+			ctx.Redirect(issue.Link())
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
 	if err = issues_model.RemoveIssueDependency(ctx, ctx.Doer, issue, dep, depType); err != nil {
 		if issues_model.IsErrDependencyNotExists(err) {
 			ctx.Flash.Error(ctx.Tr("repo.issues.dependency.add_error_dep_not_exist"))
@@ -179,9 +179,11 @@ func UpdateIssueLabel(ctx *context.Context) {
 			}
 		}
 	case "attach", "detach", "toggle", "toggle-alt":
-		label, err := issues_model.GetLabelByID(ctx, ctx.FormInt64("id"))
+		// scope the label to this repo (or its org) so a foreign label ID is 404, not an oracle
+		labelID := ctx.FormInt64("id")
+		label, err := issues_model.GetLabelInRepoOrOrgByID(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository.ID, ctx.Repo.Owner.ID, ctx.Repo.Owner.IsOrganization(), labelID)
 		if err != nil {
-			if issues_model.IsErrRepoLabelNotExist(err) {
+			if errors.Is(err, util.ErrNotExist) {
 				ctx.HTTPError(http.StatusNotFound, "GetLabelByID")
 			} else {
 				ctx.ServerError("GetLabelByID", err)
@@ -14,17 +14,6 @@ import (
 	"gitea.dev/services/context"
 )

-type userSearchInfo struct {
-	UserID     int64  `json:"user_id"`
-	UserName   string `json:"username"`
-	AvatarLink string `json:"avatar_link"`
-	FullName   string `json:"full_name"`
-}
-
-type userSearchResponse struct {
-	Results []*userSearchInfo `json:"results"`
-}
-
 func IssuePullPosters(ctx *context.Context) {
 	isPullList := ctx.PathParam("type") == "pulls"
 	issuePosters(ctx, isPullList)
@@ -46,14 +35,5 @@ func issuePosters(ctx *context.Context, isPullList bool) {
 			posters = append(posters, ctx.Doer)
 		}
 	}
-
-	posters = shared_user.MakeSelfOnTop(ctx.Doer, posters)
-
-	resp := &userSearchResponse{}
-	resp.Results = make([]*userSearchInfo, len(posters))
-	for i, user := range posters {
-		resp.Results[i] = &userSearchInfo{UserID: user.ID, UserName: user.Name, AvatarLink: user.AvatarLink(ctx)}
-		resp.Results[i].FullName = user.FullName
-	}
-	ctx.JSON(http.StatusOK, resp)
+	ctx.JSON(http.StatusOK, shared_user.ToSearchUserResponse(ctx, ctx.Doer, posters))
 }
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ func ViewIssue(ctx *context.Context) {
 		return user_service.CanBlockUser(ctx, ctx.Doer, blocker, blockee)
 	}

-	if !setting.IsProd && issue.PullRequest != nil && !issue.PullRequest.IsChecking() && prViewInfo.MergeBoxData != nil {
+	if !setting.IsProd && issue.PullRequest != nil && prViewInfo.MergeBoxData != nil && prViewInfo.MergeBoxData.ReloadingInterval == 0 {
 		prViewInfo.MergeBoxData.ReloadingInterval = 1 // in dev env, force using the reloading logic to make sure it won't break
 	}

@@ -919,7 +919,6 @@ func (prInfo *pullRequestViewInfo) prepareMergeBox(ctx *context.Context, issue *
 		}
 	}

-	data.ReloadingInterval = util.Iif(pull.IsChecking(), 2000, 0)
 	data.ShowMergeInstructions = canWriteToHeadRepo
 	data.ShowPullCommands = pull.HeadRepo != nil && !pull.HasMerged && !issue.IsClosed

@@ -941,6 +940,10 @@ func (prInfo *pullRequestViewInfo) prepareMergeBox(ctx *context.Context, issue *
 	prConfig := issue.Repo.MustGetUnit(ctx, unit.TypePullRequests).PullRequestsConfig()
 	data.AutodetectManualMerge = prConfig.AutodetectManualMerge

+	needRefreshMergeBox := pull.IsChecking()
+	needRefreshMergeBox = needRefreshMergeBox || (data.StatusCheckData != nil && data.StatusCheckData.pullCommitStatusState.IsPending())
+	data.ReloadingInterval = util.Iif(needRefreshMergeBox, 5000, 0)
+
 	// Only show the merge box if the PR is not merged, or the branch is deletable.
 	// Otherwise, there is nothing to do, because the PR view page already contains enough information.
 	data.ShowMergeBox = !pull.HasMerged || data.IsPullBranchDeletable
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ import (
 	"gitea.dev/modules/util"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/web"
 	"gitea.dev/routers/web/feed"
-	shared_user "gitea.dev/routers/web/shared/user"
 	"gitea.dev/services/context"
 	"gitea.dev/services/context/upload"
 	"gitea.dev/services/forms"
@@ -338,7 +337,6 @@ func LatestRelease(ctx *context.Context) {

 func newReleaseCommon(ctx *context.Context) {
 	ctx.Data["Title"] = ctx.Tr("repo.release.new_release")
-	ctx.Data["PageIsReleaseList"] = true

 	tags, err := repo_model.GetTagNamesByRepoID(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository.ID)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -346,17 +344,8 @@ func newReleaseCommon(ctx *context.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 	ctx.Data["Tags"] = tags
-
 	ctx.Data["IsAttachmentEnabled"] = setting.Attachment.Enabled
-	assigneeUsers, err := repo_model.GetRepoAssignees(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository)
-	if err != nil {
-		ctx.ServerError("GetRepoAssignees", err)
-		return
-	}
-	ctx.Data["Assignees"] = shared_user.MakeSelfOnTop(ctx.Doer, assigneeUsers)
-
 	upload.AddUploadContext(ctx, "release")
-
 	PrepareBranchList(ctx) // for New Release page
 }

@@ -425,8 +414,8 @@ func GenerateReleaseNotes(ctx *context.Context) {

 // NewReleasePost response for creating a release
 func NewReleasePost(ctx *context.Context) {
-	newReleaseCommon(ctx)
-	if ctx.Written() {
+	if ctx.HasError() {
+		ctx.JSONError(ctx.GetErrMsg())
 		return
 	}

@@ -450,35 +439,28 @@ func NewReleasePost(ctx *context.Context) {
 	// Or another choice is "always show the tag-only button" if error occurs.
 	ctx.Data["ShowCreateTagOnlyButton"] = form.TagOnly || rel == nil

-	// do some form checks
-	if ctx.HasError() {
-		ctx.HTML(http.StatusOK, tplReleaseNew)
-		return
-	}
-
 	form.Target = util.IfZero(form.Target, ctx.Repo.Repository.DefaultBranch)
 	if exist, _ := git_model.IsBranchExist(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository.ID, form.Target); !exist {
-		ctx.RenderWithErrDeprecated(ctx.Tr("form.target_branch_not_exist"), tplReleaseNew, &form)
+		ctx.JSONError(ctx.Tr("form.target_branch_not_exist"))
 		return
 	}

 	if !form.TagOnly && form.Title == "" {
 		// if not "tag only", then the title of the release cannot be empty
-		ctx.RenderWithErrDeprecated(ctx.Tr("repo.release.title_empty"), tplReleaseNew, &form)
+		ctx.JSONError(ctx.Tr("repo.release.title_empty"))
 		return
 	}

 	handleTagReleaseError := func(err error) {
-		ctx.Data["Err_TagName"] = true
 		switch {
 		case release_service.IsErrTagAlreadyExists(err):
-			ctx.RenderWithErrDeprecated(ctx.Tr("repo.branch.tag_collision", form.TagName), tplReleaseNew, &form)
+			ctx.JSONError(ctx.Tr("repo.branch.tag_collision", form.TagName))
 		case repo_model.IsErrReleaseAlreadyExist(err):
-			ctx.RenderWithErrDeprecated(ctx.Tr("repo.release.tag_name_already_exist"), tplReleaseNew, &form)
+			ctx.JSONError(ctx.Tr("repo.release.tag_name_already_exist"))
 		case release_service.IsErrInvalidTagName(err):
-			ctx.RenderWithErrDeprecated(ctx.Tr("repo.release.tag_name_invalid"), tplReleaseNew, &form)
+			ctx.JSONError(ctx.Tr("repo.release.tag_name_invalid"))
 		case release_service.IsErrProtectedTagName(err):
-			ctx.RenderWithErrDeprecated(ctx.Tr("repo.release.tag_name_protected"), tplReleaseNew, &form)
+			ctx.JSONError(ctx.Tr("repo.release.tag_name_protected"))
 		default:
 			ctx.ServerError("handleTagReleaseError", err)
 		}
@@ -497,7 +479,7 @@ func NewReleasePost(ctx *context.Context) {
 			return
 		}
 		ctx.Flash.Success(ctx.Tr("repo.tag.create_success", form.TagName))
-		ctx.Redirect(ctx.Repo.RepoLink + "/src/tag/" + util.PathEscapeSegments(form.TagName))
+		ctx.JSONRedirect(ctx.Repo.RepoLink + "/src/tag/" + util.PathEscapeSegments(form.TagName))
 		return
 	}

@@ -522,7 +504,7 @@ func NewReleasePost(ctx *context.Context) {
 			handleTagReleaseError(err)
 			return
 		}
-		ctx.Redirect(ctx.Repo.RepoLink + "/releases")
+		ctx.JSONRedirect(ctx.Repo.RepoLink + "/releases")
 		return
 	}

@@ -530,8 +512,7 @@ func NewReleasePost(ctx *context.Context) {
 	// old logic: if the release is not a tag (it is a real release), do not update it on the "new release" page
 	// add new logic: if tag-only, do not convert the tag to a release
 	if form.TagOnly || !rel.IsTag {
-		ctx.Data["Err_TagName"] = true
-		ctx.RenderWithErrDeprecated(ctx.Tr("repo.release.tag_name_already_exist"), tplReleaseNew, &form)
+		ctx.JSONError(ctx.Tr("repo.release.tag_name_already_exist"))
 		return
 	}

@@ -547,7 +528,7 @@ func NewReleasePost(ctx *context.Context) {
 		handleTagReleaseError(err)
 		return
 	}
-	ctx.Redirect(ctx.Repo.RepoLink + "/releases")
+	ctx.JSONRedirect(ctx.Repo.RepoLink + "/releases")
 }

 // EditRelease render release edit page
@@ -589,55 +570,39 @@ func EditRelease(ctx *context.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 	ctx.Data["attachments"] = rel.Attachments
-
-	// Get assignees.
-	assigneeUsers, err := repo_model.GetRepoAssignees(ctx, rel.Repo)
-	if err != nil {
-		ctx.ServerError("GetRepoAssignees", err)
-		return
-	}
-	ctx.Data["Assignees"] = shared_user.MakeSelfOnTop(ctx.Doer, assigneeUsers)
-
 	ctx.HTML(http.StatusOK, tplReleaseNew)
 }

 // EditReleasePost response for edit release
 func EditReleasePost(ctx *context.Context) {
-	form := web.GetForm(ctx).(*forms.EditReleaseForm)
-
-	newReleaseCommon(ctx)
-	if ctx.Written() {
+	if ctx.HasError() {
+		ctx.JSONError(ctx.GetErrMsg())
 		return
 	}

-	ctx.Data["Title"] = ctx.Tr("repo.release.edit_release")
-	ctx.Data["PageIsEditRelease"] = true
+	form := web.GetForm(ctx).(*forms.EditReleaseForm)

 	tagName := ctx.PathParam("*")
 	rel, err := repo_model.GetRelease(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository.ID, tagName)
 	if err != nil {
 		if repo_model.IsErrReleaseNotExist(err) {
-			ctx.NotFound(err)
+			ctx.JSONErrorNotFound(err.Error())
 		} else {
 			ctx.ServerError("GetRelease", err)
 		}
 		return
 	}
 	if rel.IsTag {
-		ctx.NotFound(err) // for a pure tag release, don't allow to edit it as a release
+		ctx.JSONErrorNotFound() // for a pure tag release, don't allow to edit it as a release
 		return
 	}
+
 	ctx.Data["tag_name"] = rel.TagName
 	ctx.Data["tag_target"] = util.IfZero(rel.Target, ctx.Repo.Repository.DefaultBranch)
 	ctx.Data["title"] = rel.Title
 	ctx.Data["content"] = rel.Note
 	ctx.Data["prerelease"] = rel.IsPrerelease

-	if ctx.HasError() {
-		ctx.HTML(http.StatusOK, tplReleaseNew)
-		return
-	}
-
 	const delPrefix = "attachment-del-"
 	const editPrefix = "attachment-edit-"
 	var addAttachmentUUIDs, delAttachmentUUIDs []string
@@ -659,10 +624,14 @@ func EditReleasePost(ctx *context.Context) {
 	rel.IsPrerelease = form.Prerelease
 	if err = release_service.UpdateRelease(ctx, ctx.Doer, ctx.Repo.GitRepo,
 		rel, addAttachmentUUIDs, delAttachmentUUIDs, editAttachments); err != nil {
-		ctx.ServerError("UpdateRelease", err)
+		if upload.IsErrFileTypeForbidden(err) {
+			ctx.JSONError(err.Error())
+		} else {
+			ctx.ServerError("UpdateRelease", err)
+		}
 		return
 	}
-	ctx.Redirect(ctx.Repo.RepoLink + "/releases")
+	ctx.JSONRedirect(ctx.Repo.RepoLink + "/releases")
 }

 // DeleteRelease deletes a release
@@ -4,12 +4,14 @@
 package repo

 import (
+	"net/http/httptest"
 	"testing"

 	"gitea.dev/models/db"
 	repo_model "gitea.dev/models/repo"
 	"gitea.dev/models/unit"
 	"gitea.dev/models/unittest"
+	"gitea.dev/modules/test"
 	"gitea.dev/modules/web"
 	"gitea.dev/services/context"
 	"gitea.dev/services/contexttest"
@@ -39,15 +41,15 @@ func TestNewReleasePost(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, ctx.Data["ShowCreateTagOnlyButton"])
 	})

-	post := func(t *testing.T, form forms.NewReleaseForm) *context.Context {
-		ctx, _ := contexttest.MockContext(t, "user2/repo1/releases/new")
+	post := func(t *testing.T, form forms.NewReleaseForm) (*context.Context, *httptest.ResponseRecorder) {
+		ctx, resp := contexttest.MockContext(t, "user2/repo1/releases/new")
 		contexttest.LoadUser(t, ctx, 2)
 		contexttest.LoadRepo(t, ctx, 1)
 		contexttest.LoadGitRepo(t, ctx)
 		defer ctx.Repo.GitRepo.Close()
 		web.SetForm(ctx, &form)
 		NewReleasePost(ctx)
-		return ctx
+		return ctx, resp
 	}

 	loadRelease := func(t *testing.T, tagName string) *repo_model.Release {
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ func TestNewReleasePost(t *testing.T) {
 	})

 	t.Run("ReleaseExistsDoUpdate(non-tag)", func(t *testing.T) {
-		ctx := post(t, forms.NewReleaseForm{
+		_, resp := post(t, forms.NewReleaseForm{
 			TagName: "v1.1",
 			Target:  "master",
 			Title:   "updated-title",
@@ -80,11 +82,11 @@ func TestNewReleasePost(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NotNil(t, rel)
 		assert.False(t, rel.IsTag)
 		assert.Equal(t, "testing-release", rel.Title)
-		assert.NotEmpty(t, ctx.Flash.ErrorMsg)
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, test.ParseJSONError(resp.Body.Bytes()).ErrorMessage)
 	})

 	t.Run("ReleaseExistsDoUpdate(tag-only)", func(t *testing.T) {
-		ctx := post(t, forms.NewReleaseForm{
+		ctx, resp := post(t, forms.NewReleaseForm{
 			TagName: "delete-tag", // a strange name, but it is the only "is_tag=true" fixture
 			Target:  "master",
 			Title:   "updated-title",
@@ -95,12 +97,12 @@ func TestNewReleasePost(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NotNil(t, rel)
 		assert.True(t, rel.IsTag) // the record should not be updated because the request is "tag-only". TODO: need to improve the logic?
 		assert.Equal(t, "delete-tag", rel.Title)
-		assert.NotEmpty(t, ctx.Flash.ErrorMsg)
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, test.ParseJSONError(resp.Body.Bytes()).ErrorMessage)
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, ctx.Data["ShowCreateTagOnlyButton"]) // still show the "tag-only" button
 	})

 	t.Run("ReleaseExistsDoUpdate(tag-release)", func(t *testing.T) {
-		ctx := post(t, forms.NewReleaseForm{
+		ctx, _ := post(t, forms.NewReleaseForm{
 			TagName: "delete-tag", // a strange name, but it is the only "is_tag=true" fixture
 			Target:  "master",
 			Title:   "updated-title",
@@ -114,7 +116,7 @@ func TestNewReleasePost(t *testing.T) {
 	})

 	t.Run("TagOnly", func(t *testing.T) {
-		ctx := post(t, forms.NewReleaseForm{
+		ctx, _ := post(t, forms.NewReleaseForm{
 			TagName: "new-tag-only",
 			Target:  "master",
 			Title:   "title",
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ func TestNewReleasePost(t *testing.T) {
 	})

 	t.Run("TagOnlyConflict", func(t *testing.T) {
-		ctx := post(t, forms.NewReleaseForm{
+		_, resp := post(t, forms.NewReleaseForm{
 			TagName: "v1.1",
 			Target:  "master",
 			Title:   "title",
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@ func TestNewReleasePost(t *testing.T) {
 		rel := loadRelease(t, "v1.1")
 		require.NotNil(t, rel)
 		assert.False(t, rel.IsTag)
-		assert.NotEmpty(t, ctx.Flash.ErrorMsg)
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, test.ParseJSONError(resp.Body.Bytes()).ErrorMessage)
 	})
 }

--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More